The practice that assesses the value chain to create new or refine existing value-added activities and to eliminate or reduce non-value activities is called Value Chain Analysis.
Value Chain Analysis is a strategic tool used by businesses to evaluate their operations and identify areas for improvement. It involves examining each activity in the company's value chain, from inbound logistics to outbound logistics, and assessing its contribution to the final product or service. Value Chain Analysis aims to enhance the overall efficiency and effectiveness of the value chain by identifying opportunities to increase value-added activities and eliminate non-value activities.
By implementing Value Chain Analysis, businesses can achieve a competitive advantage by creating a leaner and more effective value chain. This can lead to cost savings, improved customer satisfaction, and increased revenue. In addition, Value Chain Analysis can help businesses to identify areas where they can differentiate themselves from their competitors by creating unique value-added activities. Overall, Value Chain Analysis is a valuable tool for businesses looking to improve their operations and increase their competitiveness in the marketplace.
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The French Thaler and Company’s stock has paid dividends of $1.67 over the past 12 months. Its historical growth rate of dividends has been 6 percent, but analysts expect the growth to slow to 3 percent annually for the foreseeable future. Determine the value of the stock if the required rate of return on stocks of similar risk is 10 percent. (Round answer to 2 decimal places, e.g. 527.52.)
The value of the stock of French Thaler and Company is $36.04.
To calculate the stock's value, we can use the dividend discount model (DDM), which assumes that the stock's value is the present value of all future dividends.
We can use the formula:
PV = D1 / (r - g)
where PV is the present value, D1 is the expected dividend next year, r is the required rate of return, and g is the expected growth rate of dividends.
Using the given information, we can calculate D1 as follows:
D1 = D0 * (1 + g)
= $1.67 * (1 + 0.03)
= $1.72
Next, we can plug in the values into the formula:
PV = $1.72 / (0.10 - 0.03)
= $36.04
Therefore, the value of the stock of is $36.04.
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The value of the stock of French Thaler and Company is $36.04.
To calculate the stock's value, we can use the dividend discount model (DDM), which assumes that the stock's value is the present value of all future dividends.
We can use the formula:
PV = D1 / (r - g)
where PV is the present value, D1 is the expected dividend next year, r is the required rate of return, and g is the expected growth rate of dividends.
Using the given information, we can calculate D1 as follows:
D1 = D0 * (1 + g)
= $1.67 * (1 + 0.03)
= $1.72
Next, we can plug in the values into the formula:
PV = $1.72 / (0.10 - 0.03)
= $36.04
Therefore, the value of the stock of is $36.04.
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distinguish between common-law liability and statutory liability for auditors. what is the basis for the difference in liability?
A Liability is defined as a unborn loss of profitable benefits that an reality is needed to give to another reality as a result of once deals or other once events.
Common law liability arises from the legal opinions of judges in deciding a case, a precedent that serves as a companion for other judges to decide future analogous cases and is used in civil action.
On the other hand, legal liability reflects laws legislated at the state or civil position and prescribes certain procedures.
May involve civil or felonious liability. Liability is an obligation or liability to another that's extinguished by the unborn transfer or use of goods, the provision of services or any other profitable sale at a specific or determinable time, upon the circumstance of a specific event or on demand.
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True or False: One Universal aspect to the gendered division of labor in societies is that women are culturally expected to carry the major responsibility for childcare
True, one universal aspect of the gendered division of labor in societies is that women are culturally expected to carry the major responsibility for childcare. Across various cultures and historical periods, women have been predominantly responsible for nurturing and raising children, while men have been more involved in activities such as hunting, gathering, or providing for the family.
This expectation is deeply ingrained in societal norms and cultural beliefs, and it is often reinforced through gender socialization. From a young age, children are exposed to gendered expectations and roles, which further perpetuate the division of labor.
For example, girls may be encouraged to play with dolls and engage in caregiving activities, while boys are encouraged to participate in sports and other physically demanding activities.
Despite recent progress in gender equality, the responsibility for childcare still predominantly falls on women in most societies. This can limit women's opportunities for education, employment, and career advancement, further perpetuating the gender gap in many areas of life.
In conclusion, it is true that women are culturally expected to carry the major responsibility for childcare in societies. This universal aspect of the gendered division of labor is rooted in cultural norms, gender socialization, and historical precedents, and it continues to have significant implications for gender equality in various aspects of life.
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You just won the grand prize in a national writing contest! As your prize, you will receive $2,000 a month for ten years. If you can earn 7 percent on your money, what is this prize worth to you today?
A. $172,252.71
B. $178,411.06
C. $181,338.40
D. $185,333.33
E. $190,450.25
The value of the prize is worth $185,333.33 today. This is because the prize is $2,000 a month for ten years, so it totals $240,000.
When that amount is adjusted for the 7 percent interest rate, it comes to $185,333.33. This amount is calculated by taking the original amount and multiplying it by the present value of an annuity factor.
The factor takes into account the time value of money, which means that money today is worth more than money in the future due to the potential for it to earn interest over time. Therefore, the prize of $240,000 a decade from now is worth less than $240,000 today, when factoring in the 7 percent interest rate.
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Problem 21-1 (LG 21-2) Jane Doe earns $30,000 per year and has applied for an $80,000, 30-year mortgage at 8 percent interest, paid monthly. Property taxes on the house are expected to be $1,200 per y ear. if her bank requires a gross debt service ratio of no more than 30%, will Jane be able to obtain the mortgage?
Jane's GDS ratio is below the bank's requirement of 30%, she should be able to obtain the $80,000 mortgage at 8% interest, paid monthly.
To determine if Jane Doe can obtain the mortgage, we first need to calculate her monthly gross income and monthly housing expenses.
Jane's monthly gross income can be calculated as follows:
$30,000 / 12 months = $2,500 per month
Next, we need to calculate her monthly housing expenses. This includes the monthly mortgage payment and property taxes. The monthly mortgage payment can be calculated using the following formula:
[tex]M = P [ i(1 + i)^n ] / [ (1 + i)^n - 1][/tex]
where M is the monthly mortgage payment, P is the principal amount of the mortgage, i is the monthly interest rate, and n is the number of months in the mortgage term.
For Jane's mortgage, we have:
P = $80,000
i = 8% / 12 = 0.0067
n = 30 years * 12 months per year = 360 months
Plugging in these values, we get:
[tex]M = $80,000 [ 0.0067(1 + 0.0067)^{360 }] / [ (1 + 0.0067)^{360 - 1 ][/tex]= $587.82 per month
Adding the property taxes, we have:
$587.82 + ($1,200 / 12) = $687.82 per month
Finally, we can calculate Jane's gross debt service ratio (GDS) by dividing her monthly housing expenses by her monthly gross income and multiplying by 100%:
GDS = ($687.82 / $2,500) x 100% = 27.51%
Since Jane's GDS ratio is below the bank's requirement of 30%, she should be able to obtain the $80,000 mortgage at 8% interest, paid monthly.
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Jimmy Khan has developed a trading rule where he buys firms with relatively high dividend yields. This trading rule has consistently earned a risk-adjusted return of 15% per month for the past 10 years. This is evidence of:
a) semi-strong form efficiency
b) weak-form inefficiency
c) weak-form efficiency
d) semi-strong form inefficiency
In this case, Khan's trading rule is evidence of weak-form efficiency. Khan has been consistently earning a risk-adjusted return of 15% per month for the past 10 years.
Here, correct option is C.
This suggests that Khan is taking advantage of some kind of pattern or trend in the stock market that is not available to the general public. This indicates that the security prices are not accurately reflecting all publicly available information, suggesting weak-form efficiency.
Semi-strong form efficiency is a market efficiency which suggests that all publicly available information is accurately reflected in a security's price. In other words, all publicly available information about a security is already built into its price. Weak-form efficiency, on the other hand, suggests that past stock prices or historical data cannot be used to predict future stock prices.
Therefore, correct option is C.
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some economists argue that regional free trade agreements will provide global benefits only if
Some economists argue that regional free trade agreements will provide global benefits only if trade creation exceeds trade diversion.
Free trade agreements (FTAs) are agreements reached between two or more countries on a range of topics, such as investor protections, intellectual property rights, and responsibilities influencing trade in goods and services. It could require keeping more records to be able to receive FTA benefits for your product, but it could provide it a competitive edge against products from other countries.
Each FTA has unique features, but they all generally have the same goal of lowering trade barriers and promoting more secure and open business and investment environments. Free trade agreements (FTAs) make it possible for American exporters and manufacturers to gain greater access to other markets. Tariffs are decreased or eliminated, trade barriers are removed through bilateral and global agreements, and economic growth is promoted.
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if quanity supplies equals 85 units and the quanity demanded equals 80 units under a price contol then it is a
It is a situation of excess supply, also known as a surplus. In the given scenario, the quantity supplied exceeds the quantity demanded, indicating a surplus in the market.
Surplus or excess supply refers to a situation where the quantity supplied of a good or service exceeds the quantity demanded at a given price. This can occur when there is a price control in place, such as a price ceiling or price floor, or in a free market without any price controls.
In this case, the quantity supplied exceeds the quantity demanded, resulting in an excess of goods in the market. Price controls, such as price ceilings or price floors, are government-imposed policies that can distort the equilibrium price and quantity in a market, leading to imbalances between supply and demand.
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in how many ways can seven different jobs be assigned to four different employees so that each employee is as- signed at least one job and the most difficult job is as- signed to the best employee?
There are 540 ways to assign the seven different jobs to four different employees, ensuring each employee gets at least one job and the most difficult job is assigned to the best employee.
To find the number of ways seven different jobs can be assigned to four different employees, ensuring that each employee gets at least one job and the most difficult job is assigned to the best employee, we can use combinatorics.
First, let's assign the most difficult job to the best employee, which leaves six jobs for the other three employees. Since each employee must be assigned at least one job, we can use the Principle of Inclusion-Exclusion to find the number of ways to distribute the remaining six jobs.
There are [tex]3^{6}[/tex] ways to distribute the six jobs among the three employees without restrictions. However, this includes cases where one or more employees do not receive any jobs. To correct for this, we need to subtract the number of ways in which one or more employees do not get any jobs.
There are 3 ways to exclude one employee and [tex]2^{6}[/tex] ways to distribute the jobs among the remaining two employees. We've counted cases where two employees are excluded twice, so we need to add back the number of ways all six jobs are assigned to one employee (3 ways).
Using the Principle of Inclusion-Exclusion, the number of ways to distribute the remaining six jobs to the three employees is:
[tex]3^{6} -3*(2^{6} )+3[/tex] =
729 - 192 + 3 = 540
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Explain the critical aspects of preparing a capital budget proposal and its biggest risks?
Preparing a capital budget proposal involves identifying investment opportunities, estimating cash flows, calculating NPV and IRR, and conducting sensitivity analysis.
The proposal should include a detailed description of the project, its expected benefits, the estimated costs, and the timeline for completion. It should also consider potential risks and uncertainties, such as changes in market conditions, unexpected costs, and the potential for the project to fail.
The biggest risks associated with preparing a capital budget proposal are related to inaccurate estimates and inadequate analysis of potential risks. Poorly estimated cash flows, incorrect assumptions about the project's useful life or potential benefits, and insufficient consideration of external factors can lead to an incorrect assessment of the project's financial feasibility.
In addition, inadequate risk analysis can result in the failure to identify and mitigate potential risks, leading to unexpected costs, delays, and other negative consequences. It is crucial to carefully evaluate potential investments and to conduct thorough analysis and risk assessment to ensure the success of a capital budget proposal.
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abc bank offers to lend you $50,000 for one year at a quoted annual rate of 8.31% with each payment at the end of each month. def bank also offers to lend you the same amount at a quoted annual rate of 8.63%, with each payment at the end of each quarter. what is the difference in the effective annual rates charged by the two banks? group of answer choices 0.22% 0.24% 0.26% 0.30% 0.28%
The difference in the effective annual rates charged by the two banks is 0.30%.
How to determine the effective annual rate (EAR)To calculate the effective annual rate (EAR) for each bank, we need to consider the compounding frequency.
For ABC Bank, the compounding period is monthly, so we use the formula (1 + r/n)^n - 1, where r is the quoted annual rate and n is the number of compounding periods.
Plugging in the numbers, we get an EAR of 8.573%.
For DEF Bank, the compounding period is quarterly, so we use the same formula with n = 4.
Plugging in the numbers, we get an EAR of 8.870%.
To find the difference in the effective annual rates, we subtract the EAR of ABC Bank from the EAR of DEF Bank:
8.870% - 8.573% = 0.297% or 0.30% (rounded to the nearest hundredth)
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Fred invests 1200 at a nominal rate of 4.8% compounded monthly. After one year, his balance is X. Jane invests 1200 at a nominal rate of 4.8% compounded annually. After one year, her balance is Y. Sam invests 1200 at a continuous force of interest of 4.8%. After one year, his balance is Z. Which of the following is true?
a. X < Y < Z
b. Z < X < Y
c. Z < Y < X
d. Y < X < Z
e. Y < Z < X
Compound interest is the interest earned on both the principal amount and any previously accumulated interest on a sum of money.
The correct answer is option e. Y < Z < X. The formula for compound interest is:A = P(1 + r/n)^(nt)
Where:
A = final amount
P = principal amount
r = nominal annual interest rate (as a decimal)
n = number of times the interest is compounded per year
t = time (in years)
For Fred:
P = $1200
r = 4.8% = 0.048
n = 12 (monthly compounding)
t = 1
Using the formula, we get:
X = 1200(1 + 0.048/12)^(12*1)
X = $1270.06
For Jane:
P = $1200
r = 4.8% = 0.048
n = 1 (annual compounding)
t = 1
Using the formula, we get:
Y = 1200(1 + 0.048/1)^(1*1)
Y = $1257.60
For Sam:
P = $1200
r = 4.8% = 0.048
n = continuous compounding
t = 1
Using the formula, we get:
Z = 1200e^(0.048*1)
Z = $1258.96
Therefore, the order of balances from lowest to highest is:
Y < Z < X
So the correct answer is option e. Y < Z < X.
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Cost of Capital: Edna Recording Studios, Inc., reported earnings available to common stock of $4,200,000 last year. From those earnings, the company paid a dividend of $1.26 on each of its 1,000,000 common shares outstanding. The capital structure of the company includes 40% debt, 10% preferred stock, and 50% common stock. It is taxed at a rate of 40%. A) If the market price of common stock is $40 and dividends are expected to grow at a rate of 6% per year for the foreseeable future, what is the company's cost of retained earnings financing? B) If the underpricing and flotation costs on new shares of common stock amount to $7.00 per share, what is the company's cost of new common stock financing? C) The company can issue $2.00 dividend preferred stock for a market price of $25.00 per share. Flotation casts would amount to $3.00 per share. What is the cost of perferred stock financing? D) The company can issue $1,000-par-value, 10% coupon, 5-year bonds that can be sold for $1,200 each. Flotation costs would amount to $25.00 per bond. Use the estimation formula to figure the approximate cost of debt financing. E) What is the WACC?
A) Cost of Retained Earnings Financing:
The cost of retained earnings financing is the return expected by investors on the company's common stock. This is calculated using the Gordon growth model:
Cost of Retained Earnings (k) = (Dividend per share / Market price per share) + Dividend growth rate
k = ($1.26 / $40) + 6%
k = 0.0315 + 0.06
k = 0.0915 or 9.15%
B) Cost of New Common Stock Financing:
The cost of new common stock financing includes both the dividend yield and the flotation costs:
Cost of New Common Stock (k) = (Dividend per share / Market price per share) + Flotation costs per share
k = ($1.26 / $40) + $7.00
k = 0.0315 + $7.00
k = $7.0315 or $7.03
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An annuity owner calls you, the agent, to request a surrender of an annuity, which was held for less than one year. When you apprise the owner of the surrender charges and potential losses, the owner indicates that the fees and losses do not matter and to please make the surrender immediately and wire the money to an account located in Europe. What should the agent do?
The agent should call the Company compliance officer and await instructions.
Compliance Officers are chargeable for making sure that every one company strategies and processes follow the law. And now no longer simplest the law — a Compliance Officer is likewise chargeable for making sure that agency operations follow inner requirements too. A compliance officer is an character who guarantees that a agency complies with its outdoor regulatory and prison necessities in addition to inner rules and bylaws. Compliance officials have a obligation to their agency to paintings with control and group of workers to perceive and manipulate regulatory risk.
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As an agent, it is important to act in the best interest of the annuity owner and provide them with all necessary information to make an informed decision. However, if the owner insists on proceeding with the surrender, the agent must comply with their request while taking necessary precautions to ensure that the transaction is legitimate and not being used for illegal purposes.
As an agent, the first thing that should be done is to verify the identity of the annuity owner and make sure that the request is legitimate. If the request is legitimate, it is important to inform the annuity owner about the potential losses and surrender charges associated with the annuity surrender. However, if the annuity owner insists on proceeding with the surrender, the agent must comply with their request.In this scenario, it is concerning that the annuity owner wants the money wired to an account in Europe.
This raises red flags and may indicate that the annuity owner is involved in fraudulent activities or trying to evade taxes. The agent must exercise caution and follow proper protocols when wiring the money to ensure that it is not being used for illegal purposes.Furthermore, since the annuity was held for less than one year, it is important to inform the annuity owner about the potential tax implications of the surrender. The owner may face early withdrawal penalties and be subject to income taxes on the gains earned from the annuity.
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Four years ago Jensen Inc. had purchased equipment for $2,100,000. This equipment was being depreciated on a straight line basis over a 10 year period to a salvage value of $100,000. The equipment has six more years of economic life, and during this period the annual revenues and operating costs associated with this machine are expected to be $650,000 and $300,000, respectively Jensen is now considering replacing this machine with a less expensive and more efficient one. The old equipment can be sold for 1,000,000. Investment in net working capital is expected to increase by $150,000 as a result of the investment. The new machine will cost $1,400,000 and another $250,000 will be needed to modify it. This machine falls into the ACRS 5-year class and will be depreciated under the modified ACRS method. It is also expected to have an economic life of 6 years. The annual revenue and operating (costs from the new machine are expected to be $900,000 and $350,000 respectively. In the sixth year Jensen expects to sell the net machine for $500,000. Jensen’s marginal tax rate is 34%.
(a) Calculate Jensen’s Net Investment if the old machine is replaced with the new one.
(b) Calculate Jensen’s net cash flow for the next six years if the replacement decision is made.
(a) Net Investment = $800,000
(b) The net cash flow for the next six years will be:
Year 0: -$800,000
Year 1 to 5: $492,200 (inflow)
Year 6: $766,000 (inflow)
How to calculate net investment when old machine is replaced by new one?(a) Jensen's net investment if the old machine is replaced with the new one can be calculated as follows:
Cost of new machine = $1,400,000
Cost of modifying the new machine = $250,000
Total cost of new machine = $1,650,000
Proceeds from sale of old machine = $1,000,000
Investment in net working capital = $150,000
Net Investment = Total cost of new machine - Proceeds from sale of old machine + Investment in net working capital
Net Investment = $1,650,000 - $1,000,000 + $150,000
Net Investment = $800,000
How to calculate net cash flow for the next six years?(b) Jensen's net cash flow for the next six years if the replacement decision is made can be calculated as follows:
Year 0:
Net investment = -$800,000 (outflow)
Year 1 to 6:
Revenue = $900,000
Operating costs = $350,000
Depreciation expense = $380,000 (calculated using modified ACRS method)
Income before taxes = $170,000
Taxes = $57,800 (34% of income before taxes)
Net income = $112,200
Cash flow from operations = Net income + Depreciation expense = $492,200
Net cash flow = Cash flow from operations - Investment in net working capital = $492,200 - $0 = $492,200 (inflow)
Year 6:
Revenue = $900,000
Operating costs = $350,000
Depreciation expense = $0 (since the machine is sold)
Gain on sale of machine = $150,000 (proceeds from sale of new machine - book value of new machine)
Tax on gain = $17,000 (34% of gain on sale)
Net income = $783,000 (after tax)
Cash flow from operations = Net income + Depreciation expense = $783,000 + $0 = $783,000
Cash flow from sale of machine = Proceeds from sale of new machine - Tax on gain = $150,000 - $17,000 = $133,000
Net cash flow = Cash flow from operations + Cash flow from sale of machine - Investment in net working capital = $783,000 + $133,000 - $150,000 = $766,000 (inflow)
Therefore, the net cash flow for the next six years if the replacement decision is made is as follows:
Year 0: -$800,000
Year 1 to 5: $492,200 (inflow)
Year 6: $766,000 (inflow)
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boards of directors have responded to financial crises, corporate scandals, regulator obligations, and investor requests for structural changes. in the 2011 harvard business review study of the changes in configuration of boards since 1987, which change has been brought about by government legislation? group of answer choices percentage of boards that have an average age of 64 or older has increased. average pay for directors has increased. percentage of boards with 12 or fewer members has increased. percentage of the directors that are independent has increased.
According to the 2011 Harvard Business Review study, the change in configuration of boards that has been brought about by government legislation is the increase in the percentage of directors that are independent.
What's the change in configuration of boardsThe change was likely a response to financial crises and corporate scandals, as regulators and investors called for greater transparency and accountability in corporate governance.
Independent directors are those who do not have any affiliations or relationships with the company or its executives, and are therefore more likely to provide unbiased oversight and hold management accountable.
The increase in independent directors on boards is a positive development for corporate governance, as it helps to ensure that boards are able to effectively oversee the company's strategy, risk management, and financial performance.
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Mr. and Mrs. Norton purchased a ski-chalet for $34,500. (This must have been in 1930!) They paid $3,860 down and agreed to make equal payments at the end of every three months for 15 years. Interest is 7.43% compounded quarterly. Do not include the dollar sign, $, in your answers. Do not include the comma usually used to denote thousands. All dollar figures must be exactly 2 decimals. Although the Cash Flow Concept puts a negative sign, "-", in front of many numbers, do not include the negative sign when you put these numbers into Moodle. (a.) What is the size of the payment? Hint: Make sure your calculator is set to 2 decimal places before using AMORT. (b.) What is the balance after the first payment? (C.) How much of the principal is paid in the first payment? (d.) How much interest is paid in the first payment? (e.) What is the balance after the second payment? (f.) How much of the principal is paid in the second payment? (9.) How much interest is paid in the second payment? (h.) How much will they have paid in total after the 15 years? Total paid in payment = Plus the downpayment = (1.) How much interest will they pay in total? Total paid in payments - Original Mortgage =
(a) Using the PMT function in Excel, with a loan amount of $30,640 ($34,500 - $3,860) and a 15-year term with quarterly payments at 7.43% quarterly interest rate, the size of the payment is $552.23.
(b) After the first payment, the balance is the present value of the remaining payments, which can be calculated using the PV function in Excel. With a rate of 7.43%/4, 14*4 = 56 periods remaining, and a payment of $552.23, the balance is $29,428.05.
(c) The amount of principal paid in the first payment can be calculated by subtracting the interest paid from the total payment. The interest paid can be calculated as the balance multiplied by the quarterly interest rate of 7.43%/4. Therefore, the principal paid is $552.23 - ($29,428.05 x 7.43%/4) = $159.16.
(d) The interest paid in the first payment is $552.23 - $159.16 = $393.07.
(e) After the second payment, the remaining balance is the present value of the remaining payments, which can be calculated using the PV function in Excel. With a rate of 7.43%/4, 13*4 = 52 periods remaining, and a payment of $552.23, the balance is $28,198.54.
(f) The amount of principal paid in the second payment can be calculated by subtracting the interest paid from the total payment. The interest paid can be calculated as the balance multiplied by the quarterly interest rate of 7.43%/4. Therefore, the principal paid is $552.23 - ($28,198.54 x 7.43%/4) = $163.79.
(g) The interest paid in the second payment is $552.23 - $163.79 = $388.44.
(h) The total amount paid after 15 years can be calculated as the total number of payments (154) multiplied by the payment amount, plus the down payment of $3,860. Therefore, the total paid is (154)*$552.23 + $3,860 = $105,791.40.
(i) The total interest paid can be calculated as the total amount paid minus the original mortgage amount of $30,640. Therefore, the total interest paid is $105,791.40 - $30,640 = $75,151.40.
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Q4 - A family has established a trust fund for its children, attending college, and has paid $101.514 to a bank. In return, the bak is going to pay the family $20,000 every year for the next 6 years. The first payment will be made 1 year from the day the family paid the bank. What is the interest rate that thic trust fund will be earning?
The trust fund is earning an interest rate of 5%.
Calculate the the interest rate earned by the trust fund?To solve for the interest rate earned by the trust fund, we can use the present value formula:
PV = PMT x (1 - 1/(1+r)^n) / r
Where PV is the present value of the payments, PMT is the payment amount, r is the interest rate, and n is the number of payment periods.
In this case, we know that the family paid $101,514 upfront and will receive $20,000 per year for 6 years, with the first payment made 1 year after the initial payment. Therefore, PMT = $20,000, n = 6, and the time period is 5 years.
We can rearrange the formula to solve for r:
r = (PMT / ((PV x r) + PMT)) x (1 - 1/(1+r)^n)
We can start by assuming an interest rate and then use the formula to calculate the present value of the payments. We can then compare this value to the initial payment of $101,514 to see if the assumed interest rate is too high or too low.
Let's assume an interest rate of 4%. Plugging in the values, we get:
PV = $20,000 x (1 - 1/(1+0.04)^6) / 0.04 = $98,619.56
Since $98,619.56 is less than the initial payment of $101,514, we know that the interest rate must be higher than 4%. Let's try an interest rate of 5%:
PV = $20,000 x (1 - 1/(1+0.05)^6) / 0.05 = $101,150.70
Since $101,150.70 is very close to the initial payment of $101,514, we know that the interest rate is approximately 5%. Therefore, the trust fund is earning an interest rate of 5%.
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A portfolio consists of the following two investments:
a bond with face value of $100.00 paying annual coupons of 9% maturing in 5 years
an annuity with payments of $40.00 at the end of each year for 5 years
The portfolio is comprised of 46% bonds and 54% annuities.
The term structure is flat and the current yield is 12% pa effective.
Calculate the duration (D) of the portfolio. Give your answer to 2 decimal places.
D = ______ years
The duration of the portfolio is 3.57 years.
To calculate the duration of the portfolio, we can use the following formula:
D = w1D1 + w2D2
where w1 and w2 are the weights of the bond and annuity in the portfolio, and D1 and D2 are the durations of the bond and annuity, respectively.
First, let's calculate the duration of the bond. Since the term structure is flat, the yield to maturity is equal to the current yield of 12%. Using the formula for the duration of a bond, we get:
D1 = (1 + y) * [ (1 - (1 + y)) / y ] - n * [ (1 + y) ]
where y is the annual yield to maturity, n is the number of years to maturity, and D1 is the duration of the bond.
Plugging in the values, we get:
D1 = (1 + 0.12) * [ (1 - (1 + 0.12) / 0.12 ] - 5 * [ (1 + 0.12) ]
= 3.87 years (rounded to 2 decimal places)
Next, let's calculate the duration of the annuity. Since the payments are made at the end of each year, we can use the formula for the duration of an annuity due and subtract 1 to get the duration of the annuity:
D2 = [ (1 + r) * (1 - (1 + r)) / r ] - 1
where r is the discount rate, n is the number of years, and D2 is the duration of the annuity.
Plugging in the values, we get:
D2 = [ (1 + 0.12) * (1 - (1 + 0.12)^(-5)) / 0.12 ] - 1
= 3.37 years (rounded to 2 decimal places)
Finally, we can calculate the duration of the portfolio by weighting the durations of the bond and annuity by their respective weights:
D = 0.46 * 3.87 + 0.54 * 3.37
= 3.57 years (rounded to 2 decimal places)
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a/an __________ are motivated by a desire to acquire something, for example food riots. (35)
An acquisitive mob is motivated by a desire to acquire something that is perceived as scarce or in short supply.
These mobs can form when individuals or groups feel that their access to basic necessities such as food, water, or shelter is being threatened or limited. Food riots, for example, are a common type of acquisitive mob that typically occurs in response to food shortages or rising prices. During such riots, people may take to the streets and engage in looting or other forms of violence to secure food or other essential items.
Acquisitive mobs can also form in response to perceived social or economic inequalities. In these cases, individuals may feel that they are being unfairly denied access to resources or opportunities, and may resort to violent or disruptive behavior to express their grievances. Acquisitive mobs can be difficult to control and can pose a significant threat to public safety and social stability.
Effective responses to such mobs require a combination of short-term measures, such as police intervention, and longer-term efforts to address underlying social and economic factors that contribute to mob formation.
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A/an incentive is motivated by a desire to acquire something, for example, food riots.
A motivator or catalyst is something that urges someone to act. Due to a lack of resources, people are driven to buy food in the case of food riots, which gives them the incentive to take action through protests or riots. Positive or negative incentives are possible, as well as financial or non-financial ones. They may also be explicit or implicit, direct or indirect, etc. In economics, incentives are essential in determining how people, businesses, and governments behave. Designing efficient institutions and policies that advance social welfare and economic prosperity requires a thorough understanding of incentives and how they operate.
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You are given information for a delta-hedged portfolio for European options that you have written. For each scenario, compute the number of shares to buy or sell (indicate which action to take) on day 1 to maintain the delta-hedge for a portfolio of one option.
Stock Price Call premium Call delta (A)
Day 0 55 6.50 0.4
Day 1 60 9.50 0.6
Stock Price Put premium Put Elasticity()
Day 0 50 1.00 -5
Day 1 49 0.91 -7
To maintain the delta-hedge for a portfolio of one European call option, you should buy 0.6 shares on Day 1.
The call delta on Day 0 is 0.4, and on Day 1 it's 0.6. The change in delta (∆delta) is 0.6 - 0.4 = 0.2. Since you have written one option, you need to buy 1 × 0.2 = 0.2 shares to maintain the delta-hedge.
However, since the question asks for maintaining the hedge for a portfolio of one option, it means you need to consider the initial 0.4 delta as well. Thus, you should buy 0.4 + 0.2 = 0.6 shares on Day 1.
To maintain the delta-hedge for a portfolio of one European put option, you should sell 7 shares on Day 1.
The put elasticity on Day 0 is -5, and on Day 1 it's -7. The change in elasticity (∆elasticity) is -7 - (-5) = -2. Since you have written one option, you need to sell 1 × 2 = 2 shares to maintain the delta-hedge.
However, since the question asks for maintaining the hedge for a portfolio of one option, it means you need to consider the initial -5 elasticity as well. Thus, you should sell -5 + (-2) = -7 shares on Day 1.
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the arrival rate at a parking lot is 6 veh/min. vehicles start arriving at 6:00 p.m., and when the queue reaches 36 vehicles, service begins. if company policy is that total vehicle delay should be equal to 500 veh-min, what is the departure rate?
The departure rate in context to the given question is 6.75 veh/min.
the arrival rate is already given in the question, now we need to find the departure rate
Given,
Arrival rate = 6 veh/min
Total vehicle delay = 5000 veh/min
therefore, we need to implement the formula
Total vehicle delay = total number of vehicles in the line x time spend in the line
adding the given values in the given formula
restructuring the formula concerning the departure rate
500 = 36x (1/departure rate - 1/ arrival rate)
500/36 = 1/departure rate - 1/6
departure rate = 36/500 - 1/6
departure rate = 6.75 veh/min
The departure rate in context to the given question is 6.75 veh/min.
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the seller of personal watercraft put an ad for sale in the paper. a customer saw the ad and told her that he wanted to buy the watercraft but had to arrange for financing. the seller suggested that they write a contract for sale then and there so that they would not have to waste any time while he got his financing. in the meantime, the parties also orally agreed to a financing contract, under which the seller would make a loan at 1% interest, which the buyer would pay off in installments and use the money to buy the boat. the next day, when the buyer came to pick up the boat, the seller had changed their mind about the financing contract and refused to provide the loan, but insisted that the buyer still had to pay for the boat. the buyer refused stating that he could not buy the boat without financing. the seller sues the buyer for breach. the buyer seeks to defend himself by arguing that his failure to buy the boat was due to the sellers own breach by refusing to provide the financing loan. can the buyer introduce evidence of the financing contract to explain his breach?
Yes, the buyer can introduce evidence of the oral financing contract to explain his breach.
How can the buyers introduce evidence of the financing contractThe buyer's defense is based on the seller's breach of their oral agreement, which was to provide a loan at 1% interest, payable in installments.
By refusing to provide the loan, the seller failed to fulfill their part of the agreement, thus causing the buyer's inability to purchase the watercraft.
Introducing evidence of this oral financing contract can help the buyer establish that their breach was a result of the seller's own breach, potentially relieving them of liability for not purchasing the watercraft.
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the opportunity cost of a purchase is: a. always equal to the selling price of what you purchased. b. the lowest possible price. c. the alternative good or service that one sacrifices because a different good was purchased. d. zero if the item is what you want most. e. always greater for people who are out of work than for people who are working.
The opportunity cost of a purchase is: c. the alternative good or service that one sacrifices because a different good was purchased. This term represents the value of the best alternative option that was not chosen when making a decision.
The opportunity cost of a purchase is the alternative good or service that one sacrifices because a different good was purchased. It is the value of the best alternative foregone. It is important to consider opportunity cost when making a decision as it helps to weigh the benefits and drawbacks of different options. It is not always equal to the selling price of what you purchased, the lowest possible price, zero if the item is what you want most, or always greater for people who are out of work than for people who are working.
Option c is correct.
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according to the most recent information available, it is known that in order to achieve reductions in state anxiety aerobic exercise must be performed for at least 20 minutes—true or false?
The statement "According to the most recent information available, it is known that in order to achieve reductions in state anxiety, aerobic exercise must be performed for at least 20 minutes." is true because it helps in cardiovascular strengthening.
Aerobic exercise has been found to effectively reduce state anxiety when performed for at least 20 minutes. Regular physical activity can help improve mental health by releasing endorphins and reducing stress levels.
Aerobic or "with oxygen" exercises provide cardiovascular conditioning. The American Heart Association recommends a minimum of 30 minutes of cardiovascular exercise 5 to 7 days per week. Don't forget warm-up, cool-down and stretching exercises in your aerobic exercise session.
Aerobic exercise provides cardiovascular conditioning. The term aerobic actually means "with oxygen," which means that breathing controls the amount of oxygen that can make it to the muscles to help them burn fuel and move.
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the manufacturing overhead account shows debits of $240,000, $192,000, and $224,000 and one credit for $624,000. based on this information, what is the impact, if any, on cost of goods sold?
The manufacturing overhead account shows a net impact of $624,000 credit, which means that the total amount debited was more than the total amount credited.
This would result in a net increase of Cost of Goods Sold (COGS). The debited amounts represent the overhead costs associated with manufacturing, such as raw materials, labor, and utilities. The credit amount would be the result of reducing COGS as a result of the overhead costs incurred. In other words, the credit amount offsets the overhead costs, resulting in a decrease in COGS.
The net impact of the debits and credit on the manufacturing overhead account is an increase in COGS by $624,000.
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1. Your company has $3,000,000 that can be used for triangular arbitrage. You observe the following exchange rates:
You can sell dollars for 0.888 euros per dollar and buy dollars for 0.896 euros per dollars.
You can sell Australian dollars (A$) for $.73 and buy Australian dollars for $.75.
You can sell Australian dollars (A$) for 0.68 euros per A$ and buy Australian dollars (A$) for 0.70 euros per A$.
a. (8 points) What profits can you earn from triangular arbitrage?
b. (6 points) One of the colleagues in the company is concerned about your plan to use triangular arbitrage like this, calling it a "risky scheme" that could backfire and hurt the profitability of the company. Is your colleague correct? Explain why or why not.
a. Triangular arbitrage profit = $35,714.2.
b. The colleague is not correct
$/A$ = 0.73-0.75
Euro/A$ = 0.68-0.70
Bid Euro/$ = Bid Euro/A$ * Bid A$/$ = Bid Euro/A$ * (1/Ask $/A$) = 0.68 * (1/0.75) = 0.907
Ask Euro/$ = Ask Euro/A$ * Ask A$/$ = Ask Euro/A$ * (1/Bid $/A$) = 0.70 * (1/0.73) = 0.959
Cross Rate = Euro/$ = 0.888-0.896
2 approaches to arbitrage are as follows:
(i) Buy $ via A$ rate i.e., 0.959(ask rate) and Sell $ via cross rate i.e., 0.888(bid rate)
(ii) Buy $ via cross rate i.e., 0.896 (ask rate) and Sell $ via A$ rate i.e., 0.907 (bid rate)
Only (ii) approach will result in Profit. (i) will generate loss
Steps for Arbitrage:
(1) Buy A$ using $3,000,000, and receive 3,000,000/0.75(ask rate) = A$ 4,000,000
(2) Buy Euro using A$ 4,000,000 via A$ Rate, and receive 4,000,000*0.68 (bid rate) = Euro 2,720,000
(3) Buy $ using Euro 2,720,000, and receive 2,720,000/0.896 (ask rate) = $3,035,714.29
Arbitrage Profit = USD received at the end - USD invested at the beginning = $3,035,714.29 - $3,000,000 = (a) $35,714.29
(b)
Arbitrage strategies are strategies to take advantage of the price differential in two different markets. It is a RISK FREE strategy where there is a profit without any chance of loss.
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what are the sources of demand in an mrp system? are these dependent or independent, and how are they used as inputs to the system?
In a material requirements planning (MRP) system, the sources of demand are the orders placed by customers or the forecasts of future demand. These sources of demand are used to calculate the quantity and timing of the materials needed to produce finished goods.
The sources of demand in an MRP system can be categorized into two types: dependent and independent demand.
Independent demand: This refers to the demand for finished goods or end products, which is typically uncertain and difficult to forecast. Independent demand arises from the customer orders or market forecasts for finished goods. Independent demand is not related to the demand for other components or subassemblies within the production process.
Dependent demand: This refers to the demand for components, raw materials, and subassemblies that are needed to produce finished goods. Dependent demand is calculated based on the demand for finished goods and the bills of materials (BOM) that specify the quantities of each component required to produce a finished product. Dependent demand is directly related to the production schedule and inventory levels of the finished goods.
Both independent and dependent demands are used as inputs to the MRP system to determine the timing and quantity of materials required to meet the production schedule. The MRP system uses these demands to generate a production plan and a materials procurement plan that specifies the quantity and timing of the materials needed to fulfill the production schedule. The MRP system also considers inventory levels and lead times for each material to ensure that the required materials are available when needed. By balancing the supply of materials with the demand for finished goods, the MRP system helps to optimize the production process and ensure that the required materials are available to meet customer demand.
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The sources of demand in an MRP (Material Requirements Planning) system are primarily two types:
1. Dependent demand: This refers to the demand for components, parts, or subassemblies that are required to manufacture or assemble a finished product. Dependent demand is derived from the production schedule for the finished product, and it is calculated based on the bill of materials (BOM) for the finished product. The BOM specifies the quantity and type of materials required to manufacture each finished product unit. Dependent demand is a derived demand because it is dependent on the demand for the finished product.
2. Independent demand: This refers to the demand for finished products that are sold to customers or used for inventory replenishment. Independent demand is not derived from any other demand and is usually unpredictable. It is based on market demand, customer orders, or forecasts.
Both dependent and independent demands are used as inputs to the MRP system to calculate the materials, components, and subassemblies required to fulfill the production schedule for the finished product. The MRP system uses the BOM and the production schedule to calculate the quantity and timing of each component required to produce the finished product. The MRP system also considers inventory levels, lead times, and supplier schedules to ensure that the necessary materials and components are available when required for production. The system generates purchase orders or work orders to initiate the procurement and production of the required materials and components.
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Consider historical data showing that the average annual rate of return on the S&P 500 portfolio over the past 85 years has averaged roughly 8% more than the Treasury bill return and that the S&P 500 standard deviation has been about 28% per year. Assume these values are representative of investors' expectations for future performance and that the current T-bill rate is 6%.
Calculate the expected return and variance of portfolios invested in T-bills and the S&P 500 index with weights as follows:
WBills Windex Expected Return Variance 0.6 0.4 0.092 0.0125 Example
0.8 0.2 0.4 0.6 1 0 0 1 0.2 0.8
Using the given historical data and weights, the expected return and variance of the T-bills and S&P 500 index portfolios are:
Expected return: 9.2% for the 0.6 T-bill/0.4 S&P 500 portfolio and 8.4% for the 0.8 T-bill/0.2 S&P 500 portfolio.
Variance: 1.25% for the 0.6 T-bill/0.4 S&P 500 portfolio and 0.36% for the 0.8 T-bill/0.2 S&P 500 portfolio.
To calculate the expected return of each portfolio, we multiply the weight of each asset (T-bills and S&P 500) by its expected return and sum the results. For example, the expected return of the 0.6 T-bill/0.4 S&P 500 portfolio is:
(0.6 x 6%) + (0.4 x (6% + 8%)) = 9.2%
To calculate the variance of each portfolio, we use the formula:
Variance = (w1^2 x σ1^2) + (w2^2 x σ2^2) + 2(w1 x w2 x σ1 x σ2 x ρ)
where w1 and w2 are the weights of the two assets, σ1 and σ2 are their standard deviations, and ρ is the correlation between them (which we assume to be 0 since they are uncorrelated). For example, the variance of the 0.6 T-bill/0.4 S&P 500 portfolio is:
(0.6^2 x 0) + (0.4^2 x 0.28^2) = 0.0125 or 1.25%
The variance of the 0.8 T-bill/0.2 S&P 500 portfolio is:
(0.8^2 x 0) + (0.2^2 x 0.28^2) = 0.0036 or 0.36%
These calculations can help investors make informed decisions about how to allocate their assets between T-bills and the S&P 500 index.
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the loanable funds market in an economy is in equilibrium. draw a correctly labeled graph of the loanable funds market, labeling the equilibrium real interest rate and the equilibrium quantity. show the impact of a decrease in the money supply for this economy in your graph from part (a). will the result be a shortage or surplus in the loanable funds market at the original equilibrium? will lenders of existing fixed-rate loans be better or worse off as a result of the change in the real interest rate? how will investment spending on facilities and equipment in this economy be impacted? explain.
The loanable funds market is where savers provide funds for borrowers to use for investment purposes.
What's loanable fundsIn equilibrium, the quantity of loanable funds supplied equals the quantity demanded. This is represented by a graph with the real interest rate on the y-axis and the quantity of loanable funds on the x-axis. The supply and demand curves intersect at the equilibrium real interest rate and equilibrium quantity.
A decrease in the money supply shifts the supply curve for loanable funds to the left, as there are fewer funds available for lending. This leads to a higher real interest rate and a lower quantity of loanable funds at the new equilibrium point.
At the original equilibrium, there is now a shortage of loanable funds, as the quantity demanded exceeds the quantity supplied. Lenders of existing fixed-rate loans are worse off, as the real interest rate increases, reducing the value of their existing loans.
Investment spending on facilities and equipment is negatively impacted, as the higher real interest rate discourages borrowing and investment due to increased borrowing costs. This may lead to reduced economic growth in the long run.
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