Here, security's equilibrium rate of return:
= Real interest rate + inflation risk premium + default risk premium + liquidity risk premium + maturity risk premium
= 2.25% + 2% + 3% + 0.75% + 0.90%
= 8.90%
What is equilibrium rate of return?
Equilibrium on the asset market occurs when supply and demand are equal. Economic theory proposes two equal requirements for the equilibrium of the asset market: Return percentage The rate of return is equivalent to the interest rate on the market; Actual Value The present value of the existing and upcoming payments is the same as the asset's price.
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when dealing with a declining industry, which of the following strategies should be used if a company has distinctive strengths that allow it to capture market share or if the speed of decline and the intensity of competition is moderate?
Leadership should be used if a company has distinctive strengths that allow it to capture market share or if the speed of the decline and the intensity of competition is moderate.
The fundamentals of being able and ready to motivate others are captured by leadership. Ideas, both original and borrowed, that is effectively communicated to others in a way that engages them sufficiently to act as the leader wants them to perform are the foundation of effective leadership.
A leader directs others' actions while also inspiring people to take action. They must possess the interpersonal skills necessary for others to obey them and the critical thinking abilities to know how to make the greatest use of the resources available to a business.
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kevin is a barista at a coffee shop. his manager has noticed that he has been showing up late for work, getting coffee orders wrong, and being rude to customers. what should his manager do to help kevin improve his work? group of answer choices ask kevin's peers to talk to him about his issues because peer appraisal causes less tension than managerial appraisal refrain from discussing kevin's issues with him to avoid harming his confidence give kevin positive feedback to motivate him to improve his work give kevin negative feedback, so he knows what he is doing wrong and can correct it give kevin constructive criticism, so he knows what to expect and how he is viewed
Give Kevin some helpful criticism so he will know what to expect and how people will perceive him.
Which of the following is most likely to be a valid basis to fire an employee?The "causes" that are grounds for termination cover a wide range of behaviors, such as dishonesty, breaking corporate policies, harassing or upsetting other employees, insubordination, an excessive number of unexcused absences, and poor job performance as determined by some objective standard.
What are the causes of the forced ranking method's demise in performance evaluation?It takes a lot longer and more effort than other types of performance review. Both talented and less talented people are removed by the system. Reduced employee performance is the result.
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Manager do to help kevin improve his work is to ask Kevin's peers to talk to him about his issues because peer appraisal causes less tension than a managerial appraisal.
Which of the following is most likely to be a valid basis to fire an employee?The "causes" that are grounds for termination cover a wide range of behaviors, such as dishonesty, breaking corporate policies, harassing or upsetting other employees, insubordination, an excessive number of unexcused absences, and poor job performance as determined by some objective standard.
What are the causes of the forced ranking method's demise in performance evaluation?It takes a lot longer and more effort than other types of performance review. Both talented and less talented people are removed by the system. Reduced employee performance is the result.
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why do companies typically use operating income and assets as opposed to net income and total assets in calculating return on investment (roi)?
Companies use operating income and assets as opposed to net income and total assets in calculating return on investment because Managers usually have more control over operating income and assets.
What is return on investment?Return on investment (ROI) is a performance metric used to assess an investment's effectiveness or profitability or to compare the effectiveness of several investments.
ROI aims to quantify the amount of return on a specific investment in relation to the cost of the investment.
Therefore, ROI is calculated by dividing the benefit (or return) of an investment by the investment's cost. A percentage or ratio is used to represent the outcome.
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the world bank’s threshold for "extreme" poverty is $1.90 per person per day. instructions: enter your responses as a whole number. a. how much annual income does this imply for a family of four? $ per family b. what portion of the official u.s. poverty threshold (roughly $26,000 for a family of four) is met by the world bank’s measure?
At 2011 international prices, the poverty headcount ratio is the percentage of the population that lives on less than $1.90 per day. Long explanation At 2011 international prices, the poverty headcount ratio is the percentage of the population that lives on less than $1.90 per day.
How much of the world's population survives on less than $1.90 per day?The World Bank estimates that 689 million people, or 9.2% of the population, live in extreme poverty on less than $1.90 per day.
What does "poverty for one dollar a day" mean?Fundamental Concepts and Definitions: The population is measured at less than $1 per day. poverty by an individual's level of consumption (or, in some cases, income). individual. If a person has a lower level of consumption or income, they are considered poor. below a certain minimum that is required to meet basic needs.
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each country must choose how much rice to produce, either low output or high output. note that this payoff matrix is not symmetric. at any outcome, china makes more money than vietnam because china is the dominant member of orec.
China is the dominant member of OREC. When both firms collude both will end up with choosing Low output because it increases payoff of both firms.
What is OREC?The Organization of Rice Exporting Countries (OREC) refers to an initiative by a small number of South-East Asian countries to establish an eponymous organization. Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand, and Vietnam comprise the group in alphabetical order.
Critics believe that a rice cartel will be detrimental to those who establish it since rice producing countries could be able to extend their acreage under cultivation with in medium to long run. Members of the cartel may thus lose today's rice export markets, as governments strive for increased domestic production in order to attain food self-sufficiency.
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The lack of supply chain coordination on various measures of performance has costs associated with it. Which of the following is one of these costs?A) QualityB) ReliabilityC) ManufacturingD) Pricing
The lack of supply chain coordination on various measures of performance has costs associated with Manufacturing.
The correct option is C.
The supply chain's many phases may have competing aims, or information may move between them slowly and inaccurately, leading to a lack of coordination. If each step of a supply chain is owned by a different party, the goals of the various phases may clash.
An organization's productivity might suffer, manufacturing can become more difficult, and tasks can take longer to complete if there is a lack of coordination. An organisation has to systematically integrate a process that fosters accountability throughout the company in order to coordinate the actions of the whole organisation.
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question at position 18 some governments are investing in socially assistive robots with the hope that they will address the growing demand for care giving. this hope qualifies as what type of function?
Investing in socially helpful robots in the hopes that the government will use them to meet the rising need for caregiving is known as manifest function.
What is a manifest function example?Rain is the manifest effect of a war dance, which Merton used as an illustration in his 1957 text Economic Theory on Social Structure. Participants in the ritual intend and seek this result.
What does the psychological term "manifest function" mean?Secondary functions are those that are unknown and unplanned and are distinct from manifest functions, which are recognized and desired impacts of any social pattern. Any social institution's contribution to the persistence of a group, society, or society must be examined in order to assess its evident functions.
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for wholesalers and retailers what approximate percentage of the cost of finished goods comes from purchased inventories?
For wholesalers and retailers 90% of the cost of finished goods comes from purchased inventories.
All of the products, services, goods, and materials that a business keeps on hand with the intention of reselling them for a profit are referred to as inventory. For instance, only the newspaper is regarded as inventory if a newspaper vendor uses a vehicle to deliver newspapers to customers.
The primary purpose of the inventory is to ensure that operations have an ongoing supply of materials. To perform this function effectively, your company should strive to find a happy medium between too much and too little stock, without ever running out.
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In relative terms, gold represented only 17% of the monetary flows of the US, UK, and France in 1848. By the year 1913, that percentage fell to 10%. True False
It is true that in 1848, the US, UK, and France's combined monetary flows consisted of barely 17% gold. By 1913, the proportion had decreased to 10%.
A loose definition of a monetary transaction is one in which a payment is made or received; this covers deposits, withdrawals, and exchanges. Electronic funds transfers, checks, money orders, gift cards, and bartering are specific types of monetary transactions.
In 1848, gold accounted for 17% of the money movements in the US, UK, and France. The number of additional financial transactions has grown over time. Therefore, in 1913, the relative amount of gold flows dropped to 10%. The assertion is accurate.
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which major economic problem has been faced by many latin american nations throughout their histories?
Given that the increase in inflation has an uneven effect on the people, poverty and inequality continue to be major issues.
What elements had an impact on the economies of Latin American countries?Industrial growth and economic expansion were assisted by foreign capital investment, the building of infrastructure, such as railroads, growth in the labor market due to immigration from outside, the strengthening of institutions, and the expansion of education.
What are two issues Latin American cities are facing?Transportation Issues in Latin American Cities: Policy Experiences and Lessons. A lack of planning, poor public transportation options, traffic jams, and air and noise pollution are issues that most cities in Latin America and the Caribbean share.
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assume that changes in aggregate demand through changes in consumer, business, and government spending are then multiplied, either positively or negatively, and if positive, can even help to increase the long term aggregate supply.
Keynesians assume that changes in aggregate demand through changes in consumer, business, and government spending are then multiplied
Keynes contended that lengthy periods of high unemployment could result from a lack of overall demand. Consumption, investment, government purchases, and net exports are the aggregate of four factors that determine an economy's output of goods and services (the difference between what a country sells to and buys from foreign countries). One of these four factors must be the source of any growth in demand. However, as expenditure decreases during a recession, powerful forces frequently depress demand. As an illustration, during economic downturns uncertainty frequently undermines consumer confidence, leading people to cut spending, particularly on luxuries like a home or a car. Businesses may spend less on investments as a result of customers spending less because there is less of a need for their products.
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For units that are completed and transferred out in a firm that uses the weighted average method of process costing, the number of units that came from beginning inventory is the same as the number of units that were started during the period the number of equivalent units for direct materials is the same as the number of equivalent units for conversion cost. the number of equivalent units is less than the number of physical units. the number of equivalent units is more than the number of physical units
For units that are completed and transferred out in a firm that uses the weighted average method of process costing, the number of equivalent units for direct material is the same as the number of equivalent units for conversion cost.
Process costing is an accounting methodology that lines and accumulates direct expenses, and allocates oblique prices of a manufacturing method. charges are assigned to products, usually in a large batch, which might include an entire month's manufacturing.
Process costing is a way of costing used especially in manufacturing where gadgets are constantly mass-produced through one or extra procedures. Examples of this consist of the manufacture of erasers, chemicals or processed food.
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when a company records a loss on purchase commitment and the inventory market price later recovers, what occurs? multiple choice question.
When a business registers a loss on a buy commitment and the inventory market price later increases, prices fall after the commitment was made.
Which method can be applied to record a loss since the value of the goods has decreased in price?The loss associated with the decrease in the value of inventory is recognized in the cost of goods sold account under the cost of goods sold method. Debiting the cost of goods sold account and crediting the inventory account reflect the drop.
What drives businesses to enter into purchase commitment contracts?Companies enter into purchase commitments to lock in a specific price and occasionally to lock in a supplier's manufacturing capacity, which can be used to as a defensive measure to prevent rivals from making use of the production capability.
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why would the money disbursed for social security disability benefits not be counted as part of gdp? (5 points)
GDP also takes into account government spending, but it doesn't take into account transfers like Social Security payments.This is done to avoid double-counting Social Security expenditures.
Why are transfer payments excluded from GDP estimation?
Because there are no goods or services exchanged for them, transfer payments are not included in the GDP.These payments are only made for social good.Social security, Medicare, and Medicaid are all well-known examples of transfer payments in the United States.
Why are move installments not considered piece of Gross domestic product?
Due to the fact that they do not reflect actual economic production, transfer payments are excluded from GDP.
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Which of the following does NOT explain the decision of multinational corporations (MNCs) to forecast exchange rates? Forecasting exchange rates can help MNCs determine whether they should hedge foreign exchange risks or not. When an MNC assesses whether to invest funds in a foreign project, it takes into account that the project may periodically require the exchange of currencies. Multinational corporations that issue bonds to secure long-term funds may consider denominating the bonds in foreign currencies. O MNCs sometimes have a substantial amount of excess cash available for a short time period. Forecasting exchange rates can help MNCs decide in which currency they can best deposit the excess cash and earn additional cash flows. The MNC has operations in all member countries in the Eurozone, but has no operation out the Eurozone
The following statement "The MNC has operations in all member countries in the Eurozone, but has no operation out the Eurozone" does NOT explain the decision of multinational corporations (MNCs) to forecast exchange rates.
A multinational company (MNC), also known as a multinational enterprise (MNE), a transnational enterprise (TNE), a transnational corporation (TNC), an international corporation, or a stateless corporation with subtle but contrasting meanings, is a corporate organization that owns and controls the production of goods or services in at least one country aside from its home country.
Control is seen as a crucial component of an MNC, setting it apart from international portfolio investment companies like certain international mutual funds that invest in foreign firms only to spread out financial risk. According to Black's Law Dictionary, a business or organisation qualifies as a multinational corporation "if it gets 25% or more of its revenue from out-of-home-country operations."
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assuming that total available resources remain the same, what activities should the internal audit activity perform to best serve the organization? increase engagement time in service branches. increase engagement time in functions being centralized. continue the allocation of engagement time as before. decrease engagement time in systems development.
According to Chartered Institute of Internal Auditors, the role of internal audit is to grant independent assurance that an organisation's chance management, governance and internal control processes are working effectively.
What is interior audit process?Internal audit conducts assurance audits via a five-phase technique which includes selection, planning, conducting fieldwork, reporting results, and following up on corrective action plans
Who should operate an interior audit?The consulting firm's personnel have to be specialists in auditing protocols and procedures. Additionally, with enormous ride conducting inner audits for different companies, the consulting firm's experts be in a position to rapidly get up to pace on your company's policies, procedures, and operations.
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https://brainly.com/question/20713734#SPJ4you're working with a paper company who has multiple creatives for their upcoming card stock campaign. which product works with campaign manager 360 to make sure of the seamless integration of creatives?
You're working with a paper manufacturer who has multiple themes for their upcoming card campaign. One product that works with Campaign Manager 360 to seamlessly integrate creatives is Display & Video 360.
What is DV360? Display & Video 360 supports teams executing digital advertising campaigns. Teams can design creatives, organize audience data, buy inventory, and optimize campaigns. You can: Collaborate across teams: Share campaign data and insights across teams for cross-disciplinary work.It is as a web server that hosts creatives. If running a campaign on DV360, creatives can be uploaded directly there just like on any advertising platform.What's the difference between Campaign Manager and Display & Video 360?DV360 is a demand-side platform (DSP) for buying ad inventory programmatically, and Campaign Manager is an ad server for generating ad tags. Display & Video 360 and Campaign Manager both help advertisers reach their ultimate goal of putting their digital ads in front of people, but the processes to achieve this are different.
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at the 6:10 mark of the video, dr. bunzli compares two advertisements for tide laundry detergent. how are the two ads different? why, according to dr. bunzli, is the ad from the 1950s different from the ad from the 2000s? in other words, why have advertisers changed their strategies from the 1950s to the present?
Advertisers have greatly evolved their strategies related to marketing and advertising of a product because social media has become prevalent in today's age which was obsolete in 1950's.
Because of the social media, the content or the advertisement can now be shared again and again on different platforms to reach the masses. This way advertisers can better plan ot their strategies considering the 5 P's of marketing.
The advertisement can now be better targeted at the consumer in a limited time frame. Brand awareness is also a key factor in changed advertising strategies. In today's age, consumer loyalty and trust is deciphered and strategies are constructed accordingly.
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Due to the widespread usage of social media in today's world, which was unheard of in the 1950s, advertisers have significantly improved their marketing and advertising techniques.
Social media has made it possible to repeatedly post material or advertisements across a variety of channels in order to reach a large audience. Advertisers can better plan their campaigns by taking into account the 5 P's of marketing in this way.
The advertisement can now be better targeted at the consumer in a limited time frame. Changes in advertising tactics are also heavily influenced by brand recognition. Consumer loyalty and trust are now understood, and strategies are developed in accordance.
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What did you find urpriing about the retailing trategy for Cotco, Amazon, and Whole Food? Which buine do you believe ha the mot ucceful approach to retailing and upply chain management?
Costco, in my opinion, has the most successful strategy for supply chain management and retailing.
What surprised you most about the retailing strategies employed by Cotco, Amazon, and Whole Foods?Only Walmart and Amazon outrank Costco as the third-largest retailer in the world. The retail giant does, however, have a rather peculiar quality. Costco generates much less revenue per product sold as compared to other retailers.
I think Costco is the company that approaches supply chain management and retailing the most successfully.
How should the data be illustrated?Costco offers a welcoming and varied workplace for its employees. It is well knowledge that Costco pays its staff substantially more than its rivals and even offers perks, making them the company's "most essential asset."
Additionally, Costco emphasizes the value of internal promotions, with more than 90% of its managers globally (including 70% of U.S. warehouse managers) and executives starting out as hourly stockers or cart pushers of merchandise.
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all inventory items to which the firm has legal title should be included in the inventory account although most firms record inventory only when they physically receive it.
All inventory items to which the firm has legal title should be included in the inventory account although most firms record inventory only when they physically receive it. Given Statement are true.
What Is Inventory Accounting?
The area of accounting known as inventory accounting is concerned with valuing and recording changes to inventoried assets. Three production stages are typically represented in a company's inventory: raw materials, works-in-progress, and finished products that are ready for sale.
What is inventory accounting example?
All the goods, merchandise, and materials that a company keeps on hand in anticipation of selling them for a profit are referred to as inventory. Example: Only the newspaper will be regarded as inventory if a newspaper vendor uses a vehicle to deliver newspapers to customers.
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maple forest corporation designs and produces a line of golf equipment and golf apparel. maple forest has 100,000 shares of common stock outstanding as of the beginning of 2024. maple forest has the following transactions affecting stockholders' equity in 2024. march 1 issues 57,000 additional shares of $1 par value common stock for $54 per share. may 10 purchases 5,200 shares of treasury stock for $57 per share. june 1 declares a cash dividend of $1.60 per share to all stockholders of record on june 15. (hint: dividends are not paid on treasury stock.) july 1 pays the cash dividend declared on june 1. october 21 resells 2,600 shares of treasury stock purchased on may 10 for $62 per share.
The common stock paid in capital is $60,000.
What is common stock?Common stock is a kind of investment that represents company equity ownership. In countries other than the US, the terms voting share and ordinary share are also widely used. They are referred to as equity shares or ordinary shares in the UK and other Commonwealth nations. The holder of this share class is entitled to a portion of the company's profits as well as the ability to cast a vote regarding matters of corporate policy and the make-up of the board of directors. No specific corporate assets are owned by holders of common stock; instead, these assets are owned equally by all shareholders. When a corporation issues both ordinary and preference shares, the preference shareholders are given first dibs on dividends.
Date Account Titles Debit $ Credit $ March.1
Cash ( 60,000 x 57 ) 3,420,000
Common Stock ( 60,000 x 1 ) 60,000 paid in capital
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he nominal, risk-free rate on t-bills recently is %. if the real rate of interest is %, what is the expected level of inflation?
(such that r=r*+IP+RP). Internet = RF-r* =% RF=r*+r*+r* is the anticipated inflation rate
Meaning of InflationThe pace of price growth over a specific time period is referred to as inflation. Inflation is frequently measured broadly, such as the general rise in prices or perhaps the rise in the cost if residing in a country.
Inflation in 2022: What's the cause?The supply chain places a strong emphasis on rising 68 and transportation costs, that are cost inputs of completed goods. In nations where food prices increased significantly, low-income customers were obliged to cut back on their purchases of other items, which slowed economic growth.
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bianca and hazel recently opened a candy store on main street. they view all candy eaters in their community as their market. which targeting strategy did they use in choosing a target market for their store?
The targeting strategy that Bianca and Hazel used for targeting the market for their store is an undifferentiated approach.
In the field of business, an undifferentiated approach can be described as a business targetting strategy in which the demands of all types of customers are concerned rather than targetting a set of customers.
In the scenario mentioned in the question, Bianca and Hazel were concerned about all candy eaters and did not specify when targeting a store in the market. Such a type of marketing target strategy that was used by them is referred to as an undifferentiated approach. The undifferentiated approach targets the whole market rather than specific kinds of customers.
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gatto, incorporated, has declared a $6.00 per share dividend. suppose capital gains are not taxed, but dividends are taxed at 20 percent. new irs regulations require that taxes be withheld at the time the dividend is paid. the company's stock sells for $94.30 per share, and the stock is about to go ex dividend. what do you think the ex-dividend price will be? (do not round intermediate calculations and round your answer to 2 decimal places, e.g., 32.16.)
According to the Gatto, incorporated, the ex - dividend price will be $ 89.50. When a company's dividend allocations have been determined, it goes ex-dividend.
What do you mean by the ex-dividend price?A stock is referred to as being ex-dividend if it no longer carries the value of the upcoming dividend payment. The day the stock begins trading without the value of its upcoming dividend payment is known as the ex-dividend date or "ex-date."
The day on which a stock starts trading without the subsequent dividend value is known as the ex-dividend date.
Investors who bought the stock before the ex-dividend date are eligible for the upcoming dividend payment; however, investors who bought the stock on or after the ex-dividend date are not.
Here,
After-tax dividend = $6.00(1 - 0.20) = $4.80
Ex-dividend price = $94.30 - $4.80 = $89.50
Therefore, according to the Gatto, incorporated, the ex - dividend price will be $ 89.50. When a company's dividend allocations have been determined, it goes ex-dividend.
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true or false: if adequately rehearsed, business presentations always go according to the speaker's plans.
If adequately rehearsed, business presentations always go according to the speaker's plans is a true statement.
What will you do as a speaker to keep the consideration of your crowd from the start up to the furthest limit of your discourse?
Begin with an inquiry or story and don't offer a response or peak of the story straight away, redirect from it and you will keep your crowd consideration for the rest of your discourse. Boris Johnson is an expert of this strategy.
Is it great to practice your show?
Practice is vital for giving a powerful show. Practicing expands your certainty, guarantees you are know about your material and permits you to clean your show abilities. It is essential to work on conveying your discussion, yet to work on utilizing your visual guides.
How frequently would it be a good idea for me to practice for a discourse?
An overall guideline of thumb is that you ought to rehearse for something like 30 hours. Thus, on the off chance that you've composed an hour long feature discourse you ought to mean to rehearse it something like multiple times. You ought to rehearse a 30-minute show something like multiple times, giving yourself 30 all out long periods of training.
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analysis reveals that a company had a net increase in cash of $21,210 for the current year. net cash provided by operating activities was $19,100; net cash used in investing activities was $10,550 and net cash provided by financing activities was $12,660. if the year-end cash balance is $25,650, the beginning cash balance was:
The correct answer is a. $4,440.
Net cash provided from operating (+) 19,100
Net cash used in investing (-) (10,550)
Net cash provided from financing (+) 12,660
Total change in cash 21,210
Plus Beginning cash balance^ 4,440
Equals Ending cash balance 25,650
Beginning cash balance + Change in cash = Ending cash balance
In other words, Ending cash balance - Change in cash = Beginning cash balance: $25,650 - $21,210 = $4,440
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question content area part 1 a tracking signal part 2 a. is computed as the mean absolute deviation (mad) divided by the running sum of the forecast errors (rsfe). b. cannot be used with exponential smoothing. c. is a measurement of how well a forecast is predicting actual values. d. that is negative indicates that demand is greater than the forecast.
Option c - Tracking signals objectively predict and monitor forecast. A higher number means that demand is higher than expected.
What use does a tracking signal serve?
A tracking signal is an automated warning when actual results differ from expectations in terms of sales, inventories, or any other aspect of an organization's future demand. It keeps track of things and alerts users when results unexpectedly diverge from predictions.
How to calculate tracking signal?The running sum of forecast error (RSFE) divided by MAD is used to calculate the tracking signal. By adding up the predicted errors over time, we calculate RSFE. The discrepancy between January's actual and anticipated sales represents the month's prediction mistakes.
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a company has a favorable direct materials price variance. a possible reason for this variance is that:
A company has a favorable direct materials price variance. a possible reason for this variance is that:-The production department worked fewer hours than anticipated.
The price variance is a cost accounting term that refers to the difference between an item's expected cost and its actual cost at the time of purchase. The quantity of items ordered frequently affects the price of an item, and this is taken into account.
Commodity price changes are one example of a pricing change that is driven by the market. Suppliers' bargaining power shifts, allowing them to impose higher prices than expected. Purchasing in unusually large or small quantities in comparison to what was anticipated when the standard was developed.
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Jack M. Balkin says that people and business entities act as information fiduciaries for each of the following scenarios. Which of the following is not one of the factors described in his vague formulation?
A. When businesses give people belief that they will not misuse personal information
B. When existing social norms or patterns of practice justify the trust people put in the business
C. When businesses hold themselves out as respecting privacy to gain trust
D. When people pay money and the business is required by law to protect the information
An individual or organization that is legally obligated to act responsibly and in the best interests of another is known as a fiduciary. Hence
option B is correct .
What is the factor of Vague formulation ?Ones who manage our estates or finances are specialists and managers. A person or company that conducts business using information instead of money is known as an information fiduciary.
Examples include doctors, lawyers, and accountants; they are obligated to keep our secrets private and are forbidden from using what they discover about us adversely to our interests.
Since we trust and know a lot about accountants, lawyers, and doctors, the law expects them to conduct themselves honestly.
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which of the following is a major deficiency of fiscal policy as a stabilization tool? group of answer choices congress is reluctant to make changes in either taxes or expenditures. the constitution requires the president to submit and congress to pass a balanced budget. both political and economic factors make it unlikely that changes in fiscal policy will be timed correctly. a change in fiscal policy exerts major effects on the economy quickly.
The fact that adjustments in fiscal policy are unlikely to take place in a timely way due to political and economic variables is a significant drawback of fiscal policy as a stabilizing instrument.
If the budget balances the gap between spending and revenue grows as output rises and reduces when output falls, fiscal policy has a stabilizing influence on the economy.
In general, central banks and governments of countries that maintain the economy in a sound position will continually apply monetary and fiscal policies. Even in the future, stabilization policy will be essential in terms of fiscal policy. Taxes and expenditures are the two primary fiscal policy instruments.
Taxes have an effect on the economy by establishing spending requirements for both the government and the general public. To promote consumer spending, the government can, for instance, decrease taxes.
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