Disulfiram prevents this oxidation by blocking ALDH, which causes a sharp increase in acetaldehyde levels in the blood. The outcome is known as a disulfiram-alcohol reaction, and it can raise the blood's acetaldehyde levels by a factor of 5 to 10.
What effects does disulfiram have?Disulfiram permanently inhibits aldehyde dehydrogenase by interacting with nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) at the cysteine residue in the active region of the enzyme. The liver enzyme ALDH1A1 is used in the primary oxidative pathway of alcohol metabolism to change acetaldehyde into acetate.
Disulfiram is an inhibitor of what kind?Abstract. The only medication currently on the market used in the aversion therapy of recovering alcoholics is disulfiram (DSF). It works by preventing aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH), which raises acetaldehyde levels in the blood.
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which assessment suggests to the nurse that a client with systemic lupus erythematous is having renal involvement?
People of all ages, including children, are susceptible to systemic lupus erythematous . However, the largest risk of getting SLE is among women who are of childbearing age (15 to 44 years). Women are harmed much more than males, regardless of age (estimates range from 4 to 12 women for every 1 man).
For a client who might have rheumatoid arthritis, which blood result would the nurse review?We do the following laboratory tests, which, if positive and/or high, support the diagnosis: Rheumatoid factor (RF) and anti-citrullinated peptide antibodies (ACPA) testing are both done when a patient is first being assessed for RA.
What does systemic lupus erythematosus look like clinically?Different systemic manifestations may be present in SLE patients. Fever, malaise, arthralgias, myalgias, headache, and other general symptoms.
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the nurse is caring for an older adult client who is confused and agitated. when the client's family comes to visit the nurse asks how long the client has been confused. the family states that the client has been confused for a long time and the confusion is getting worse. the client is subsequently diagnosed with dementia. what is the most common cause of dementia in an older adult client?
The most common cause of dementia in an older adult client is alzheimer's disease.
Alzheimer's disease is a progressive medical specialty disorder that causes the brain to shrink (atrophy) and brain cells to die. Alzheimer's disease} is that the most typical explanation for dementia — an eternal decline in thinking, activity and social skills that affects somebody's ability to perform severally
During the moderate dementia stage of Alzheimers, folks grow additional confused, agitated and forgetful and start to wish additional facilitate with daily activities and self-care. Folks with the moderate dementia stage of Alzheimers may: Show more and more poor judgment and deepening confusion.
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the nurse is caring for a 6-year-old child with acute glomerulonephritis. when reviewing the client's laboratory results, which result is most important to review with the health care provider?
Blood pressure 136/84 is the correct option that needs to be checked by the health care advisor.
What is Glomerulonephritis?
Glomerulonephritis is an inflammation of the small filters of the kidneys (gloe-MER-u-loe-nuh-FRY-tis) (glomeruli). Urine is the body's method of excreting the extra fluid and waste that glomeruli (gloe-MER-u-lie) remove from the bloodstream. Glomerulonephritis can develop gradually or quickly (acutely) (chronic).
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which type of emergency assessment is being performed when the nurse is inserting a gastric tube and arranging for diagnostic studies for a client who sustained injuries after a bus accident?
When the nurse places a stomach tube and arranges for diagnostic tests for a patient who suffered injuries in a bus accident, focused adjuncts are being carried out.
What is a gastric tube?In individuals with IC, gastric tubes are used to either supply food and medicine or to drain gastric content (stomach pumping). The tube ought to be in the stomach and have gone through the heart. This implies that the tube must be visible on chest X-rays down to the diaphragm, ideally deeper to prevent dislocation. It might be challenging to determine whether the tube is in the stomach occasionally due to image quality. An extra, more detailed abdominal imaging and, in certain cases, the injection of tiny volumes of contrast fluid through the tube, may be helpful in these circumstances.
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a client presents to the ed in shock. at what point in shock does the nurse know that metabolic acidosis is going to occur?
Answer:
decompensation
Explanation:
As compensatory mechanisms fail, the decompensation stage starts. The patient's condition worsens, leading to cardiovascular abnormalities, coagulation issues, and cellular hypoxia. Pyruvic and lactic acids rise as the energy supply falls short of the demand, resulting in metabolic acidosis.
a nurse is reviewing the admission assessment data of a client diagnosed with acute gastritis. the nurse determines that the condition most likely occurred as a result of:
According to the nurse, the disease was probably caused by a strain of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori), environmental conditions, or family history.
What causes H. pylori to be so prevalent?Peptic ulcers, or stomach ulcers, are discussed individually. pylori is most likely spread by ingesting food or drink that has been tainted with the bacteria, which is expelled in infected people's feces.
What are the early indicators of acute gastritis?Stomach discomfort, appetite loss, nausea, and vomiting are common signs of acute gastritis. Gastrointestinal bleeding and ulceration can also happen in extreme circumstances. There are many symptoms that patients with gastritis can encounter, such as moderate nausea or an upper abdominal fullness.
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which are expected outcomes for a patient who is effectively implementing a decision tree to enhance their problem-solving abilities? select all that apply.
Visualizing the potential results, costs, and effects of a complex decision is part of decision tree analysis.
To choose the optimal course of action, decision tree analysis can assist you in visualizing the effects of your choices.
A decision tree is a flowchart that begins with a single central concept and branches out according to the outcomes of your choices. The model often resembles a tree with branches, therefore the name "decision tree."
These trees are employed in decision tree analysis, which entails graphically illustrating the probable results, expenses, and effects of a difficult decision.
Based on the choices and results that led to each outcome, you can use a decision tree to determine its expected value. The best course of action can then be quickly determined by comparing the results to one another.
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the nurse is caring for a client who recently experienced a myocardial infarction and has been started on clopidogrel. the nurse should develop a teaching plan that includes which points? select all that apply.
The nurse should develop a teaching plan that includes :any unexpected bleeding or bleeding that lasts a long time, bruise, bleeding gums etc.
What is clopidogrel ?Clopidogrel works by preventing platelets from sticking together and forming a clot.
It is an antiplatelet drug called clopidogrel. It stops platelets, a kind of blood cell, from congregating and creating a potentially harmful blood clot. If you have a higher risk of developing blood clots, using clopidogrel can help. There may be negative effects from clopidogrel.
In individuals who have already experienced a heart attack, stroke, or have certain cardiovascular disorders, clopidogrel, an antiplatelet blood-thinning medication, may help prevent future heart attacks, strokes, and other clot-related ailments.
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the nurse administers proparacaine hcl (ophthaine) drops to a patient prior to an eye examination. what sign will the nurse look for to determine when the examination can begin?
The nurse will check to see if there is no blink reflex before starting the examination.
What is the purpose of proparacaine hydrochloride ophthalmic solution?Before surgery, certain examinations, or treatments, the eye is numbed using proparacaine eye drops. The eye drops are applied throughout the surgery to minimize pain. The class of drugs known as local anesthetics includes proparacaine. It does this by preventing pain impulses from reaching the nerve terminals in the eye.
In the eye, how long does proparacaine last?Suitable for ophthalmic application, proparacaine hydrochloride ophthalmic solution is a fast-acting local anesthetic. The effects of anesthetic start to take effect after just one drop and last for at least 15 minutes.
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on admission a client reports taking disulfiram as part of their home medications. what would the nurse need to be aware of when coordinating the client's other medications?
As acetaldehyde dehydrogenase is inhibited by disulfiram, many of the side effects of alcohol use are experienced right away.
What impacts the body does disulfiram have?Disulfiram functions by preventing the body from breaking down alcohol. This causes a hazardous alcohol-related chemical to accumulate, which can make patients who consume alcohol while taking this drug very ill.
How soon does disulfiram start to work?In milder situations, the disulfiram-alcohol interaction lasts 30 to 60 minutes; in more severe cases, it lasts several hours or until the alcohol is digested.
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patients with diabetes mellitus who neglect insulin therapy rapidly metabolize lipids, and there may be an accumulation of the acidic by-products of lipid metabolism in the blood. what effect would this have on respiration? a. increase in respiratory rate b. decrease in respiratory rate c. decrease in respiratory rate if oxygen is reduced d. no infl uence on respiratory rate
b. decrease in respiratory rate effect would this have on respiration.
What happens to extra glycerol and fatty acids in the body?If there is too much fat, the liver gets ready to store it. Fats, which are made up of fatty acids and glycerol, are transformed during the metabolic process known as lipogenesis and then stored in subcutaneous tissue and other storage depots.
In summary, lipid metabolism is crucial for controlling the ageing process. Age-related disorders and ageing are modulated by lipid-related therapies in a variety of model species, according to experimental evidence that lipid metabolism is altered throughout ageing.
Defects in the structural proteins of lipoprotein particles, in the cell receptors that identify the various types of lipoproteins, or in the enzymes that break down fats can all contribute to disorders that impair lipid metabolism.
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the nurse should explain to a 30-year-old primigravida client that alpha fetoprotein testing is recommended for which purpose?
A 30-year-old primigravida client should be informed by the nurse that alpha fetoprotein testing is advised to identify cardiovascular issues. Check for flaws in the neural tube.
Which observation shows the nurse that a baby who is 4 days old is getting enough breast milk?A minimum of 2 to 3 wet diapers and 2 stools4 during the course of the second and third days show that your baby is nursing successfully and obtaining the milk she or he requires.
What should the nurse do to stop a newborn from losing heat conduction?When a newborn is placed on a cold surface right after delivery, heat will be transferred to the cold surface. Whenever possible, a scale or resuscitation bed should be pre-warmed to reduce conductive heat loss.
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when assessing a client who is at 12-weeks gestation, the nurse recommends that she and her husband consider attending childbirth preparation classes. when is the best time for the couple to attend these classes?
The best week for childbirth classes is at most 30 weeks.
Why are childbirth classes so important?The earliest that parents would be prepared for such sessions is at 30 weeks of gestation. An engaged student facilitates learning!
When the couple is psychologically prepared to end the pregnancy and the birth of their child is an imminent concern, that is when they are most interested in giving birth.
Women who have received childbirth education have the knowledge, abilities, and attitudes necessary to get ready for pregnancy, labor and delivery, and the first few weeks after giving birth.
Partners benefit from classes by learning what to expect and how to assist. Many mothers have reported feeling more confident about giving birth and labor.
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accumulation of nitrogenous wastes such as urea in the circulatory system is an early sigh of chronic kidney disease (ckd). the nurse knows that normal levels of urea in blood are approximately:
The nurse knows that normal levels of urea in the blood are approximately 20 mg/dL.
What causes chronic kidney disease?
Kidney disease is most frequently brought on by diabetes. diabetes of both types 1 and 2. However, obesity and heart disease can also contribute to the harm that results in renal failure. The long-term functional decline can also be brought on by problems with the urinary system and inflammation in various kidney regions. High blood pressure indicates that your blood vessels' blood pressure is too powerful, which can harm them and cause CKD.
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like other methods used to get information about the harmful effects of chemicals on human health, measuring dose-response curves has its limitations and benefits. what are the limitations to these types of studies? check all that apply.
Some disadvantages of BMD modeling are as follows:
(1) The BMD approach performs better when many dose groups with different response levels are available;
(2) The modelling results may be unnecessarily conservative because it consistently provides BMDLs below the NOAELs;
(3) For data sets with small sample sizes, limited number of dosing levels, and limited information on mechanisms of toxicity, the modelling may result in linearization (Faustman).
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a terminally ill client is being cared for at home and receiving hospice care. the hospice nurse is helping the family cope with the client's deteriorating condition, educating them on the signs of approaching death. which sign would the nurse include in this education plan?
Difficulty in swallowing is the sign that the nurse would include in the education plan.
What is a Hospice care?
The goal of hospice care is to improve the lives of people who are suffering from an incurable illness. Hospices care for patients from the time their illness is diagnosed as terminal until the end of their life, however long that may be. That does not imply that hospice care must be continuous.
Hospice care focuses on the care, comfort, and quality of life of a person who is nearing the end of life from a serious illness. It may become impossible to cure a serious illness at some point, or a patient may refuse certain treatments. Hospice is intended for situations like this.
Hospice care is a type of palliative care that is geared toward the terminally ill.
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The branch of medical science that deals with the structure, function, and diseases of the eye.
Branch of medical science that deals with the structure, function, and diseases of the eye is called : ophthalmology.
What do you understand by ophthalmology?Ophthalmic and vision science is the study of vision disorders, diseases of the eye and the visual pathway. Working in ophthalmic and vision science, you will assess the structure and function of the eye and also the visual system.
An ophthalmologist specializes in ophthalmology and the branch of medical science dealing with the structure, functions, and diseases of the eye. An ophthalmologist is a physician but optometrist is not. Ophthalmologists can also do vision tests and prescribe corrective lenses just like optometrists does.
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the healthcare provider prescribes terbutaline (brethine) for a client in preterm labor. before initiating this prescription, it is most important for the nurse to assess the client for which condition?
It is most important for the nurse to assess the client for : Gestational diabetes.
What is gestational diabetes ?The primary cause of pregnancy-related diabetes or gestation diabetes is Your body produces more hormones during pregnancy, along with other changes like weight growth.
Insulin resistance is a condition where your body's cells use insulin less efficiently as a result of these changes. Your body requires more insulin if you have insulin resistance.
Newborns may have very low blood glucose levels at birth as a result of the extra insulin the baby's pancreas produces, and they are also more likely to experience breathing issues.
Children and adults who are born with an excess of insulin are at risk for obesity and type 2 diabetes, respectively.
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which nursing interventions are most appropriate for a client who survived a fire in the hospital and is found to have neck trauma, dyspnea, gasping breathing, and is unable to speak? select all that apply. one, some, or all responses may be correct.
Using the jaw-thrust technique, Get ready to help with endotracheal intubation are nursing interventions .
The correct options are 1 and 2.
The jaw-thrust technique might be useful for clearing a patient's airway. Endotracheal intubation might help the patient breathe properly. Because it could enter the client's brain, a nasogastric tube shouldn't be inserted. After executing the jaw-thrust procedure, it is necessary to monitor the respiratory rate and oxygen saturation, and endotracheal intubation may be necessary in this circumstance. and heart rate The Because it could enter the client's brain, a nasogastric tube shouldn't be inserted.
Monitoring the respiratory rate and oxygen saturation is crucial after performing the jaw-thrust operation, and endotracheal intubation may be required in this case. Once the client's breathing has returned to normal, it's crucial to keep an eye on the patient's heart rate and rhythm to see how they are doing.
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The complete question is as follows
After a fire in the hospital, a client is found to have dyspnea and gasping breathing. The client also has neck trauma and is unable to speak. Which nursing interventions are most appropriate? Select all that apply.
1
Placing a nasogastric tube
2
Performing jaw-thrust maneuver
3
Prepare assist in performing endotracheal intubation
4
Monitoring respiratory rate and oxygen saturation
5
Monitoring the heart rate and rhythm continuously
Elevated blood levels of homocysteine increase the risk of cardiovascular disease. Homocysteine metabolism requires which of the following nutrients?
Check all that apply
A. Thiamin
B. vitamin B-6
C. Vitamin B-12
D. FolateB. vitamin B-6
C. Vitamin B-12
D. Folate
Answer:
Explanation: Homocysteine metabolism requires the participation of folate as well as vitamin B12 and vitamin B6 coenzymes. Reduction of homocysteine levels in plasma requires that all three of these vitamins be supplemented.
a patient is prescribed codeine as an antitussive. which symptom will the nurse observe for as an adverse effect of this medication?
Drowsiness, dizziness, dizziness, drowsiness, difficulty breathing, nausea, vomiting, sweating, with constipation are the most often reported adverse effects to codeine administration.
How much time can you go between bowel movements?Constipation happens when it becomes difficult to pass stools, which reduces the frequency of bowel movements. It frequently results from routine or dietary changes, a lack of fiber intake, or any combination of these. If you have extreme discomfort, blood in you stools, or constipation that lasts longer than three weeks, call your doctor.
What are some natural remedies for constipation?Try eating easily digestible, high-fiber foods, such as strawberries, bananas, prunes, or avocados, to help alleviate moderate episodes of constipation. Consume a lot of fiber-rich foods, such as fruits, whole grains, and vegetables, in your diet to avoid future issues.
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the preoperative nurse is preparing a client for surgery. what actions will the nurse perform? select all that apply.
Answer:
Inform the family to wait in the surgical waiting room.
Remove the client's dentures and contact lenses
Describe who will be in the operating suite.
Explanation:
the nurse is caring for a woman with terminal breast cancer. which statement made by the client reflects the bargaining stage of grief?
There are no choices provided, but it is most likely the statement made by the client with terminal breast cancer that reflects the bargaining stage of grief, such as "Let me live long enough to see my child (or grandchild), please".
What is the bargaining stage of grief?According to the American Psychological Association, or APA, the bargaining stage of grief is a moment in which someone might try to bargain with themselves or with a higher power in order to reverse the loss. When humans are in pain, it might be difficult to realize that there is nothing we can do to change the situation.
Bargaining is the process by which humans begin to form agreements with themselves or, if they are religious, with God. Humans want to think that if they do certain things, they will feel much better.
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a mother who is 4 days postpartum and is breastfeeding expresses to the nurse that her breast seems to be tender and engorged. which suggestions should the nurse give to the mother to relieve breast engorgement? select all that apply.
Before breastfeeding, apply warm compresses to the breasts. Before nursing, physically express some milk. Shower in a warm to hot water to promote milk production.
The client should be instructed by the nurse to take warm to hot showers to promote milk release, manually express some breastfeeding milk prior to breastfeeding, and apply warm compresses to the breasts before nursing in order to reduce breast engorgement. In addition to sitting up and laying down while breastfeeding, the mother should be asked to feed the baby in a variety of situations. From beneath the axillary region, massage the breasts toward the nipple.
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when describing the action of barbiturates and barbiturate-like agents in the control of seizures, what would the nurse include?
The cerebral cortex is depressed, cerebellar function is changed, and motor nerve output is decreased by barbiturates and medicines of the barbiturate class, which also block impulse conduction in the ascending (RAS).
Barbiturates are helpful medications for the management of epilepsy. The negative systemic consequences are not severe. The presence of cognitive and behavioural issues is the key limiting factor.
What effects do barbiturates have on seizures?
The central nervous system's activity is suppressed by a class of medications known as barbiturate anticonvulsants, which are produced from barbituric acid. GABA is an inhibitory neurotransmitter that is enhanced by barbiturate anticonvulsants. This prevents the onset of discharge that would initiate the seizure.
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for the last 3 weeks, a nurse in a long-term care facility has administered a sedative hypnotic to a client who complains of insomnia. the client does not seem to be responding to the drug and is now lying awake at night. what is the most likely explanation?
The majority of sedative-hypnotic drugs start to lose their effectiveness after one to two weeks of usage. Even if the majority of sedative-hypnotic medications let you sleep deeply for a few nights.
A customer is not a client.Since there are two separate categories of customers, a person who makes use of a company's products or services is referred to as a user rather than a client. As contrast to consumers who usually purchase products, customers purchase solutions and guidance.
Would you provide an illustration of a specific customer type?Anyone who pays for goods or services is referred to as a customer. Customers might be businesses and other institutions. Clients do not have a connection or agreement with the vendor, in contrast to customers who frequently do.
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a client is diagnosed with atopic dermatitis and asks the nurse why the skin is so dry and itchy. what is the nurse's best response?
The nurse answers a customer's question on why the skin is so dry and itchy due to changes in lipid content after the client is given an atopic dermatitis diagnosis.
Atopic reaction: what is it?Histamine is released as a result of atopic reactions, which are frequently brought on by animal dander, pollen, mold, or mite excrement.
What are the three ailments that an atopic person frequently has?The most prevalent symptoms of atopy are allergic rhinitis, allergic bronchial asthma, and atopic dermatitis, with food allergy coming in third and fourth. An individual may experience one or more clinical disorders both concurrently and intermittently.
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on admission to the prenatal clinic, a 23-year-old woman tells the nurse that her last menstrual period began on february 15, and that previously her periods were regular. her pregnancy test is positive. this client's expected date of delivery (edd) would be
The top intervention is to monitor bleeding from peripheral locations. The client is displaying placental abruption symptoms. Placental abruptio is associated with the condition known as diffuse intravascular
DIC: What is it?Unusual blood clotting throughout the blood arteries of the body is brought on by the uncommon but deadly disorder known as diffused intravascular coagulation (DIC). Infections or injuries that interfere with the body's normal blood clotting process can cause DIC.
What is the best way to stop intravascular coagulation?Finding and treating the root cause of DIC is the objective. Some examples of supportive therapies are: If there is significant bleeding, plasma infusions may be used to replace blood coagulation components. Heparin is a blood-thinning medication that can be used to stop blood clotting if it is happening a lot.
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a client with severe peptic ulcer disease has undergone surgery and is several hours postoperative. during assessment, the nurse notes that the client has developed cool skin, tachycardia, labored breathing, and appears to be confused. which complication has the client most likely developed? perforation
The client has most likely developed Hemorrhage.
What is hemorrhage?
In medicine, blood loss is caused by damaged blood vessels. A hemorrhage can be internal or external, and it typically involves a significant amount of bleeding quickly. injuries include bone fractures, traumatic brain injury, or cuts and puncture wounds. Physical abuse or acts of violence, like a knife or bullet wound. viruses like a viral hemorrhagic fever that target blood vessels. These three types of hemorrhage differ from one another in terms of location, flow, and intensity. In particular, capillary bleeding trickles from the body whereas venous bleeding flows gradually. Arterial bleeding spews out in spurts. The severity of bleeding from the arteries and veins varies.
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a nurse who has incorporated complementary and alternative medicine (cam) into nursing practice is caring for a client in a short-term care facility. which examples of nursing interventions are based on cam? select all that apply.
• The nurse suggests that the client sign up for a yoga class.
• The nurse instructs the patient in meditation.
• The nurse looks into possible immune system boosters for the patient.
In order to reduce CAM client anxiety, the nurse utilizes guided visualization.
The phrase complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) refers to both complimentary therapies (which may be used in conjunction with standard meditation treatments and so complement them) and alternative treatment techniques (not included in the scope of medical care). CAM practices include yoga, meditation, guided imagery, and herbal medicines. Traditional allopathic (biomedicine) treatments include prescribing painkillers and scheduling diagnostic procedures.
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