You need to add 2.12 g of [tex]CH_3COONa[/tex] to create a buffer with pH.
What is The Henderson-Hasselbalch equation?
The Henderson-Hasselbalch equation, which reads pH = pKa + log([A-]/[HA]), must be used to construct a buffer. Acetic acid ([tex]CH_3COOH[/tex]) has a pKa of 4.761. The solution has a [tex]CH_3COOH[/tex] concentration of 0.100 M and a volume of 300 ml, which is equivalent to 0.300 L. Therefore, (0.100 M) x (0.300 L) = 0.030 mol of [tex]CH_3COOH[/tex] are present in the solution. We must utilize the equation for Ka, Ka = [H+][A-]/[HA], to get the number of moles of [tex]CH_3COO-[/tex]. This equation may be rearranged to produce [A-] = (Ka x [HA])/[H+]. Acetic acid has a Ka value of 1.8 x 10-52. By applying the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation, which reads pH = pKa + log([A-]/[HA]), one may determine the pH of a buffer solution. In order to rewrite this equation to get [A-]/[HA] = antilog(pH - pKa), we need to make a buffer with pH. [A-]/[HA] = antilog(4.74 - 4.76) = antilog(-0.02) = 0.87 is the result of substituting values.
[A-] = [HA] x [A-]/[HA] may be used to calculate how many moles of [tex]CH_3COO-[/tex] are needed. When values are substituted, [A-] equals (0.030 mol) x (0.87) = 0.026 mol.[tex]CH_3COONa[/tex] has a molecular weight of 82 g/mol3.
Therefore, using the formula mass = a number of moles x molecular weight,
it is possible to determine the amount of [tex]CH_3COONa[/tex] needed: mass = (0.026 mol) x (82 g/mol) = 2.12 g.
Therefore, you need to add 2.12 g of [tex]CH_3COONa[/tex] to create a buffer with pH.
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Suppose the reaction of chlorine water with a halide solution produces a halogen, X2, and a salt, NaCl.In the presence of mineral oil, the-------will dissolve in the oil and the -------will remain in the aqueous layer.
This is an interesting question about the solubility of halogens and salts in different phases. The long answer is that the halogen, X2, will dissolve in the mineral oil phase, while the salt, NaCl, will remain in the aqueous layer. This is because halogens like chlorine and bromine are non-polar molecules that are soluble in non-polar solvents like mineral oil, whereas salts like NaCl are polar molecules that are soluble in polar solvents like water.
In the presence of mineral oil, the halogen X2 will dissolve in the oil phase due to its non-polar nature. This means that the mineral oil layer will turn yellow or brown depending on the halogen being produced. On the other hand, the salt NaCl will remain in the aqueous layer since it is a polar molecule and is not soluble in mineral oil. This means that the aqueous layer will remain clear or colorless, depending on the concentration of NaCl present.
Overall, the solubility of different compounds in different phases is an important concept in chemistry, and understanding it can help us predict the behavior of chemical reactions in different environments.
In the given reaction, chlorine water reacts with a halide solution to produce a halogen (X2) and a salt (NaCl). When mineral oil is introduced, the halogen (X2) will dissolve in the oil, while the salt (NaCl) will remain in the aqueous layer.
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The C-C stretching vibration of ethylene can be treated as a harmonic oscillator.a. Calculate the ratio of the fundamental frequencies for ethylene and deuterated ethyleneb. Putting different substituents on the ethylene can make the C-C bond longer or shorter.For a shorter C-C bond, will the vibrational frequency increase or decrease relative toethylene? Why?c. If the fundamental vibrational frequency for the ethylene double bond is 2000 cm^-1,what is the wavelength in nm for the first harmonic vibration frequency?
a. The ratio of the fundamental frequencies for ethylene and deuterated ethylene can be calculated as the square root of the ratio of the reduced masses of the two molecules. The reduced mass is given by:
μ = m1*m2/(m1+m2)
where m1 and m2 are the masses of the two atoms.
For ethylene (C2H4), the C-C bond involves two carbon atoms, each with a mass of approximately 12 atomic mass units (amu). Therefore, the reduced mass for ethylene is:
μ(ethylene) = 12*12/(12+12) = 6 amu
For deuterated ethylene (C2D4), the C-C bond involves two deuterium atoms, each with a mass of approximately 2 amu. Therefore, the reduced mass for deuterated ethylene is:
μ(deuterated ethylene) = 2*2/(2+2) = 1 amu
The ratio of the fundamental frequencies is then:
ω(ethylene)/ω(deuterated ethylene) = √(μ(deuterated ethylene)/μ(ethylene)) = √(6/1) = 2.45
Therefore, the fundamental frequency of deuterated ethylene is approximately 2.45 times higher than that of ethylene.
b. For a shorter C-C bond, the vibrational frequency will increase relative to ethylene. This is because a shorter bond will have a higher force constant, which corresponds to a higher vibrational frequency. This can be seen from the equation for the vibrational frequency of a harmonic oscillator:
ω = (1/2π)*√(k/μ)
where k is the force constant and μ is the reduced mass. Since k is proportional to the bond length, a shorter bond will have a higher force constant and a higher vibrational frequency.
c. The wavelength in nm for the first harmonic vibration frequency can be calculated using the equation:
λ = c/ν
where λ is the wavelength, c is the speed of light (3.00 x 10^8 m/s), and ν is the frequency.
The first harmonic vibration frequency is one-half of the fundamental frequency, so it is:
ν(1) = (1/2)*2000 cm^-1 = 1000 cm^-1
Converting this to Hz, we get:
ν(1) = 1000 cm^-1 * (1/100 cm/m) * (1/1000 m/cm) * c = 3.00 x 10^13 Hz
Substituting this value into the wavelength equation, we get:
λ = (3.00 x 10^8 m/s)/(3.00 x 10^13 Hz) = 0.01 nm
Therefore, the wavelength of the first harmonic vibration frequency is 0.01 nm.
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1) A sample of nitrogen occupies a volume of 150 mL at 15 °C. What volume will it occupy at 85 °C?
To solve this problem, we can use the ideal gas law, which states:
PV = nRT
Where:
P = pressure
V = volume
n = number of moles
R = ideal gas constant
T = temperature in Kelvin
Since we are only interested in the change in volume, we can assume that the pressure, number of moles, and the gas constant remain constant. Therefore, we can write:
V₁ / T₁ = V₂ / T₂
where V₁ and T₁ are the initial volume and temperature, and V₂ and T₂ are the final volume and temperature.
Given:
V₁ = 150 mL
T₁ = 15 °C = 15 + 273.15 = 288.15 K
T₂ = 85 °C = 85 + 273.15 = 358.15 K
Now we can calculate V₂:
V₂ = (V₁ * T₂) / T₁
= (150 * 358.15) / 288.15
≈ 186.55 mL
Therefore, the nitrogen sample will occupy approximately 186.55 mL at 85 °C.
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write down the expression for the arrhenius equation and indicate how this can be used to determine the activation energy of a reactions
The Arrhenius equation relates the rate constant (k) of a chemical reaction to temperature (T), activation energy (Ea), and a pre-exponential factor (A).
The equation is given by:
k = A * exp(-Ea/RT)
where:
k is the rate constant
A is the pre-exponential factor or frequency factor
Ea is the activation energy of the reaction
R is the gas constant (8.314 J/(mol*K))
T is the temperature in Kelvin
To determine the activation energy of a reaction using the Arrhenius equation, one can measure the rate constant at different temperatures, and plot the natural logarithm of the rate constant (ln k) against the inverse of the temperature (1/T). This results in a straight line with a slope of -Ea/R. By measuring the slope of the line, the activation energy can be determined.
The Arrhenius equation can also be used to predict the effect of temperature on the rate of a reaction. As the temperature increases, the exponential term in the equation becomes larger, resulting in a larger rate constant and faster reaction rate. This is because higher temperatures increase the fraction of reactant molecules with sufficient energy to overcome the activation energy barrier and participate in the reaction.
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Select all that apply
Identify the relationships that can be derived from a balanced chemical equation.
amount of energy released in a chemical reaction
mass of particles involved in a chemical reaction
number of atoms involved in a chemical reaction
amount of moles involved in a chemical reaction
types of particles involved in a chemical reaction
Need help? Review these concept resources.
The relationships that can be derived from a balanced chemical equation are. options A, B, C,D and E.
amount of energy released in a chemical reactionmass of particles involved in a chemical reactionnumber of atoms involved in a chemical reactionamount of moles involved in a chemical reactiontypes of particles involved in a chemical reactionBalanced chemical equation.
A balanced chemical equation is a equation that have the same number and type of atoms on both the reactant side and the product side.
The relationships that can be derived from a balanced chemical equation are;
Mass of products are equal to mass of reactants which is base on the law of conservation of mass.The number of atoms involved in a chemical reaction. it shows the ratio of the number of atoms of both reactants and products.The amount of moles involved in a chemical reaction. A balanced chemical equation show the stoichiometric ratios of both reactants and products.The amount of energy released in a chemical reaction in both reactants and products.The types of particles involved in a chemical reaction.Learn more about balanced chemical equation below.
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A 150.0 L sample of gas is collected at 1.20 atm and 25°C. What volume does the gas have at 1.50 atm and 20.0°C?
(show work)
a. 94 L
b. 120 L
c. 143 L
d. 183 L
The volume of the gas at 1.50 atm and 20.0°C is approximately B, 120 L.
How to calculate volume?To solve this problem, use the combined gas law formula:
(P₁ * V₁) / (T₁) = (P₂ * V₂) / (T₂)
Where:
P₁ and P₂ = initial and final pressures,
V₁ and V₂ = initial and final volumes,
and T₁ and T₂ = initial and final temperatures.
Given:
P₁ = 1.20 atm
V₁ = 150.0 L
T₁ = 25°C = 25 + 273.15 K
Find V₂ when:
P₂ = 1.50 atm
T₂ = 20.0°C = 20 + 273.15 K
Plugging in the values into the formula:
(1.20 atm × 150.0 L) / (25 + 273.15 K) = (1.50 atm × V₂) / (20 + 273.15 K)
Simplifying the equation:
180.0 atm × K = 1.50 atm × V₂
V₂ = (180.0 atm × K) / (1.50 atm)
V₂ ≈ 120 L
Therefore, the volume of the gas at 1.50 atm and 20.0°C is approximately 120 L.
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10. A river in Texas starts at a natural spring of water. The spring water flows up into an area that is used as a swimming pool, and then flows into a river a few miles away. Eight million gallons of water flow out of the spring every hour. What would happen to the river if the natural spring no longer flowed? The river would -
If the natural spring that feeds the river in Texas were to stop flowing, it would have a significant impact on the river's ecosystem. The river's water level would gradually decrease, and it could even dry up completely in severe cases. This could lead to a loss of habitat for many aquatic species that depend on the river for survival. The lack of water could also result in the death of fish and other organisms that rely on the river's ecosystem.
Furthermore, the river's water quality could also be negatively affected. The spring water that flows into the river is likely to be clean and free of pollutants, but without it, the river's water quality could be compromised. Other sources of water that may flow into the river could contain pollutants or contaminants, leading to degraded water quality.
In addition to the impact on the ecosystem, the river's recreational use could also be affected. The swimming pool that is fed by the spring would no longer have a source of water, making it unusable. The decrease in the river's water level could also make it difficult for recreational activities such as fishing and boating.
Overall, the loss of the natural spring that feeds the river would have a significant impact on the river's ecosystem, water quality, and recreational use. It is essential to protect and conserve natural resources such as springs and rivers to maintain a healthy and sustainable environment for all living organisms
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what is the concentration of a solution of phosphoric acid if 10.00ml of it is titrated with 32.58ml of 0.08897m potassium hydroxide?
The concentration of the phosphoric acid solution is 0.09663 mol/L.
We can use the balanced chemical equation for the reaction between phosphoric acid and potassium hydroxide to determine the number of moles of phosphoric acid in the solution;
H₃PO₄ + 3KOH → K₃PO₄ + 3H₂O
From the balanced equation, we see that 1 mole of phosphoric acid reacts with 3 moles of potassium hydroxide.
First, we can calculate the number of moles of potassium hydroxide used in the titration;
moles KOH = concentration × volume = 0.08897 mol/L × 0.03258 L = 0.002899 mol
Since 1 mole of phosphoric acid reacts with 3 moles of potassium hydroxide, the number of moles of phosphoric acid in the solution is;
moles H₃PO₄ = (1/3) × moles KOH = (1/3) × 0.002899 mol
= 0.0009663 mol
Finally, we can calculate the concentration of the phosphoric acid solution;
concentration = moles/volume = 0.0009663 mol/0.01000 L
= 0.09663 mol/L
Therefore, the concentration is 0.09663 mol/L.
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5.75 ml of h2o, 4.00 ml of an aqueous 0.020 m scn- solution, and 14.00 ml of an aqueous 0.025 m fe3 solution were mixed together. the total volume of the new solution was 23.75 ml. what is the diluted fe3 concentration in the new solution?
To find the diluted Fe3+ concentration in the new solution, we need to consider the volume and concentration of the Fe3+ solution before mixing, as well as the final volume of the new solution.
Given:
Volume of SCN- solution = 4.00 ml
Concentration of SCN- solution = 0.020 M
Volume of Fe3+ solution = 14.00 ml
Concentration of Fe3+ solution = 0.025 M
Total volume of new solution = 23.75 ml
First, we can calculate the moles of SCN- and Fe3+ in their respective solutions:
Moles of SCN- = Volume (L) x Concentration (M) = (4.00 ml / 1000 ml/L) x 0.020 M
Moles of Fe3+ = Volume (L) x Concentration (M) = (14.00 ml / 1000 ml/L) x 0.025 M
Next, we can calculate the total moles of Fe3+ in the new solution by assuming that the SCN- and Fe3+ react in a 1:1 ratio:
Moles of Fe3+ in the new solution = Moles of SCN-
Since the volumes of SCN- and Fe3+ solutions are given in milliliters (ml), we need to convert them to liters (L) for consistent units.
Moles of Fe3+ in the new solution = (4.00 ml / 1000 ml/L) x 0.020 M
Now, we need to calculate the diluted concentration of Fe3+ in the new solution:
Diluted concentration of Fe3+ = Moles of Fe3+ in the new solution / Total volume of the new solution
Diluted concentration of Fe3+ = [(4.00 ml / 1000 ml/L) x 0.020 M] / (23.75 ml / 1000 ml/L)
Simplifying the expression:
Diluted concentration of Fe3+ = (0.00008 mol) / 0.02375 L
Diluted concentration of Fe3+ = 3.37 M
Therefore, the diluted Fe3+ concentration in the new solution is approximately 3.37 M.
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what is the binding energy (in kj/mol) for ag-107? the mass of a hydrogen atom is 1.00783 amu, the mass of a neutron is 1.00867 amu, and the atomic mass of this isotope is 106.90509 amu.
The binding energy of Ag-107 is 2.86 x 10¹² J/mol.
What is the binding energy for Ag-107?The binding energy of Ag-107is determined as follows:
Mass of 61 protons and 46 neutrons = 61(1.00783 amu) + 46(1.00867 amu) = 107.90562 amu
Actual mass of Ag-107 = 106.90509 amu
Mass defect = (107.90562 amu - 106.90509 amu)
Mass defect = 0.00053 amu
The binding energy can be calculated using the equation:
E = Δmc₂
where;
Δm is the mass defect,c is the speed of light, andE is the binding energy.Solving for E:
E = (0.00053)(1.66054 x 10⁻²⁷)(2.998 x 10⁸)²
E = 4.75 x 10⁻¹¹ J
Convert this value to kilojoules per mole:
E = (4.75 x 10⁻¹¹)(6.022 x 10²³) / 1000
E = 2.86 x 10^12 J/mol
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What is the mass of a piece of iron that releases 188.90 joules of heat as it cools from 75.66 degrees Celsius to 35.47 degrees Celsius? The specific heat of iron is 0.450 J/gC; please answer to two digits after the decimal point.
Anne exerts a force of 34. 1 N to pitch a softball. She moves the ball 1. 8 meters before releasing it. What amount of work did
Anne do on the ball? (1 point)
O 61. 38 J
O 32. 3 J
O 18. 9 J
O 35. 9 J
Anne did 61.38 joules (J) of work on the ball.
How to solve for the work doneTo calculate the amount of work done by Anne on the softball, we need to use the formula:
Work = Force × Distance
Given:
Force (F) = 34.1 N
Distance (d) = 1.8 m
Plugging in the values into the formula:
Work = 34.1 N × 1.8 m
Calculating the work:
Work = 61.38 N·m
Therefore, Anne did 61.38 joules (J) of work on the ball.
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which compound would be most rapidly hydrolyzed by aqueous hc to give methanol as one of the products?
We can deduce here that the compound that would be most rapidly hydrolyzed by aqueous HCl to give methanol as one of the products is: B. [tex]CH_{3} OCH_{2} CH_{2} OCH_{3}[/tex]
What is a compound?A compound is a substance made up of two or more separate elements that are chemically linked together in a specific weight-to-volume ratio. A chemical formula that lists the number and types of atoms in a molecule to indicate the chemical structure of a compound.
Chemical reactions can create compounds, which differ from their constituent elements in terms of their properties.
Option B is correct because:
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The complete question is seen below:
Which compound would be most rapidly hydrolyzed by aqueous HCl to give methanol as one of the products?
A. [tex]CH_{3}OCH_{2} CH_{2} CH_{3}[/tex]
B. [tex]CH_{3} OCH_{2} CH_{2} OCH_{3}[/tex]
C. [tex]CH_{3}OCH_{2}CH_{2} OH[/tex]
the gas-phase reaction is second-order in hi and second-order overall. the rate constant for this reaction at 55 c is 2.47 m-1min-1. if the initial concentration of hi was 29 mm, what would be the concentration of hi after 2 hrs?
The concentration of HI after 2 hours is approximately 33.4 mM.
The second-order rate law is given by;
rate = k[HI]²
We are given the rate constant k = 2.47 M⁻¹ min⁻¹ and the initial concentration [HI] = 29 mM. We want to find the concentration of HI after 2 hours (120 min).
We will use the integrated rate law for a second-order reaction;
1/[tex][HI]_{t}[/tex] - 1/[HI]0 = kt
where [HI]t will be the concentration of HI at time t, and [HI]0 will be the initial concentration of HI. Rearranging this equation;
[tex][HI]_{t}[/tex] = 1/([HI]0 + [tex]K_{t}[/tex])
Plugging in the values;
[tex][HI]_{t}[/tex] = 1/(29 mM + (2.47 M⁻¹ min⁻¹)(120 min))
[tex][HI]_{t}[/tex]= 0.0334 M or 33.4 mM
Therefore, the concentration is 33.4 mM.
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Calculate the final concentration of each of the following: a. 1. 0 l of a 4. 0 m hno3 solution is added to water so that the final volume is 8. 0 L.
b. Water is added to 0. 25 L of a 6. 0 M NaF solution to make 2. 0 L of a diluted NaF solution
The final concentration of the given solutions are as follows;
A. 0.5M
B. 0.75M
How to calculate concentration?The final concentration of a solution can be calculated using the following expression;
CaVa = CbVb
Where;
Ca and Va = initial concentration and volume respectivelyCb and Vb = final concentration and volume respectivelyAccording to question A, 1L of a 4M solution is added to water to make the final volume 8L.
4 × 1 = 8 × Cb
4 = 8Cb
Cb = 0.5M
According to question B, 0.25 L of a 6. 0 M NaF solution to make 2. 0 L of a diluted NaF solution.
0.25 × 6 = 2 × CB
1.5 = 2Cb
Cb = 0.75M
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what mass (in grams) of mg(no3)2 is present in 119 ml of a 0.100 m solution of mg(no3)2 ?
Approximately 1.766 grams of Mg(NO3)2 are present in 119 mL of a 0.100 M solution.
To find the mass of Mg(NO3)2 in a 0.100 M solution, we will use the formula:
mass = molarity × volume × molar mass
First, we need the molar mass of Mg(NO3)2:
Mg: 24.305 g/mol
N: 14.007 g/mol
O: 15.999 g/mol
Mg(NO3)2 = 1 × Mg + 2 × (1 × N + 3 × O)
= 24.305 + 2 × (14.007 + 3 × 15.999)
= 24.305 + 2 × 61.994
= 148.293 g/mol
Next, we will convert the volume from mL to L (by dividing it by 1000):
119 mL = 0.119 L
Now, we can find the mass using the formula:
mass = molarity × volume × molar mass
mass = 0.100 M × 0.119 L × 148.293 g/mol
mass = 1.766 g
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Which metal cation is the best oxidizing agent and why? a. Pb2+ b. Cr3+ c. Fe2+ d. Sn2+
Among the given metal cations, the best oxidizing agent is Cr3+. Cr3+ is commonly used as an oxidizing agent in organic chemistry reactions, such as in the oxidation of alcohols to aldehydes and ketones using the Jones reagent (a solution of chromic acid in sulfuric acid).
The ability of a metal cation to act as an oxidizing agent depends on its ability to undergo reduction itself. A metal cation with a high reduction potential is a strong oxidizing agent because it readily accepts electrons and undergoes reduction. Similarly, a metal cation with a low reduction potential is a weak oxidizing agent because it is less likely to accept electrons and undergo reduction.
The reduction potentials of the metal cations in the given options are as follows:
a. Pb2+: -0.13 V
b. Cr3+: -0.74 V
c. Fe2+: -0.44 V
d. Sn2+: -0.14 V
From the above values, we can see that Cr3+ has the highest reduction potential, which means it is the most likely to accept electrons and undergo reduction. Therefore, it is the best oxidizing agent among the given options.
Additionally, it is worth noting that Cr3+ is commonly used as an oxidizing agent in organic chemistry reactions, such as in the oxidation of alcohols to aldehydes and ketones using the Jones reagent (a solution of chromic acid in sulfuric acid).
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Indicate whether energy is emitted or absorbed when the following electronic transitions occur in hydrogen multiple choise . from the n=6 to then 9 state .from the n = 3 to the state . from an orbit of redios 5.16 Å to one of radius 0 529 Energy is omitted Energy is absorbed
When an electron in a hydrogen atom transitions from a higher energy level to a lower energy level, energy is emitted in the form of electromagnetic radiation. Conversely, when an electron transitions from a lower energy level to a higher energy level, energy is absorbed in order to facilitate the transition.
In the case of the electronic transitions mentioned in the question, the transition from n=6 to n=9 is a transition from a higher energy level to an even higher energy level. This means that energy is absorbed in order to facilitate the transition. The transition from n=3 to the ground state (n=1) is a transition from a higher energy level to a lower energy level. Therefore, energy is emitted in the form of electromagnetic radiation. Finally, the transition from an orbit of radius 5.16 Å to one of radius 0.529 Å is also a transition from a higher energy level to a lower energy level. As such, energy is emitted in the form of electromagnetic radiation.
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what is the ph and the poh of a solution that was made by addign 350 ml of water to 350 ml of 4.5 x 10^-3 m naoh solution
To determine the pH and pOH of the solution obtained by mixing 350 mL of water with 350 mL of a 4.5 x 10^-3 M NaOH solution, we need to calculate the concentration of hydroxide ions (OH-) in the final solution.
From the concentration of hydroxide ions, we can then calculate the pOH and pH of the solution.
First, we need to calculate the total volume of the solution. Since 350 mL of water is added to 350 mL of the NaOH solution, the total volume of the solution is 700 mL (0.7 L).
Next, we can calculate the amount of hydroxide ions (OH-) present in the solution by multiplying the concentration (4.5 x 10^-3 M) by the total volume (0.7 L). This gives us the number of moles of OH- ions in the solution.
With the concentration of hydroxide ions, we can calculate the pOH by taking the negative logarithm of the hydroxide ion concentration. Then, using the relationship pH + pOH = 14 for aqueous solutions at 25°C, we can determine the pH of the solution.
By performing these calculations, we can find the pH and pOH of the solution resulting from the mixture of water and the NaOH solution.
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a 12.0 g sample of carbon from living matter decays at the rate of 184 decays/minute due to the radioactive 14c in it. the half-live time of carbon is 5730 years.part awhat will be the decay rate of this sample in 1000 years?
The decay rate of the sample after 1000 years is 2.28 decays/minute.
The decay of 14C follows first-order kinetics, and the decay rate can be calculated using the following equation;
N = [tex]N_{0}[/tex] × [tex]e^{(-kt)}[/tex],
where N is the number of radioactive nuclei at any given time, [tex]N_{0}[/tex] is the initial number of radioactive nuclei, k is the decay constant, and t is the time elapsed.
The decay constant (λ) can be calculated using the half-life equation;
[tex]t_{1/2}[/tex] = ln2 / λ
where [tex]t_{1/2}[/tex] is the half-life.
Given that the half-life of carbon-14 is 5730 years, we can calculate the decay constant;
λ = ln2 / [tex]t_{1/2}[/tex] = ln2 / 5730 years = 1.21 x 10⁻⁴ /year
Part a; After 1000 years, the amount of carbon-14 remaining can be calculated using;
N = [tex]N_{0}[/tex] × [tex]e^{(-λt)}[/tex]
where t is the time elapsed. In this case, t = 1000 years.
[tex]N_{0}[/tex] = 12.0 g / (12 g/mol) = 1 mol
N = 1 × [tex]e^{(-1.21}[/tex] x 10⁻⁴ /year × 1000 years) = 0.904 mol
The decay rate can be calculated by taking the difference between the initial and final number of radioactive nuclei, and multiplying it by the decay constant;
decay rate = λ × ([tex]N_{0}[/tex] - N) = 1.21 x 10⁻⁴ /year × (1 - 0.904) mol
= 9.68 x 10⁻⁶ mol/year
To convert the decay rate to decays/minute, we can use the Avogadro's number (6.02 x 10²³) and the molar mass of carbon-14 (14 g/mol);
decay rate = 9.68 x 10⁻⁶ mol/year × (6.02 x 10²³ decays/mol) × (1 year/525600 minutes) = 184 decays/minute × 0.0124 = 2.28 decays/minute
Therefore, the decay rate is 2.28 decays/minute.
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a sealed container contains a mixture of oxygen and nitroggen gas the ratio between average kinetic enegy of oxygen molcules is
The ratio between the average kinetic energies of oxygen and nitrogen molecules is 8:7.
The average kinetic energy of a gas is directly proportional to its temperature. The temperature of the gas mixture is assumed to be constant since the container is sealed. Therefore, the ratio of the average kinetic energies of oxygen and nitrogen molecules is equal to the ratio of their respective temperatures.
The ratio of the molecular masses of oxygen and nitrogen is 32:28 or 8:7. According to the equipartition theorem, each degree of freedom contributes (1/2)kT to the average kinetic energy of the molecule, where k is the Boltzmann constant and T is the absolute temperature.
Oxygen and nitrogen molecules have the same number of degrees of freedom, which is 3 for a monatomic gas. Therefore, the ratio of the average kinetic energies of oxygen and nitrogen molecules is:
(3/2)kT(O₂)/(3/2)kT(N₂) = T(O₂)/T(N₂)
Since the temperature is assumed to be constant, the ratio of the average kinetic energies of oxygen and nitrogen molecules is equal to the ratio of their molecular masses:
T(O₂)/T(N₂) = 8/7
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formic acid has a pka of 3.8. calculate the ph of a solution if [formic acid] = 0.020 m and [formate] = 0.040 m.
The pH of this solution is approximately 4.1.
To calculate the pH of a solution containing formic acid and formate, you can use the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation:
pH = pKa + log10([A-]/[HA])
In this case, formic acid (HCOOH) is the acid (HA) and formate (HCOO-) is the conjugate base (A-).
The pKa is given as 3.8, and the concentrations of formic acid and formate are 0.020 M and 0.040 M, respectively.
Plug these values into the equation:
pH = 3.8 + log10(0.040/0.020)
pH = 3.8 + log10(2)
pH = 3.8 + 0.301
pH ≈ 4.1
Therefore, the pH of the solution is close to 4.1.
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Which of the following can act as an acid only according to both Arrhenius Acid-Base Theory and Bronsted-Lowry Acid-Base Theory?
(A) H3PO4 (B) Na2CO3 (C) KHCO3 (D) Na2HPO4
Only H3PO4 can act as an acid according to both Arrhenius Acid-Base Theory and Bronsted-Lowry Acid-Base Theory. Arrhenius theory defines an acid as a substance that produces H+ ions in water, while a base produces OH- ions. Bronsted-Lowry theory defines an acid as a substance that donates a proton (H+) to another substance, while a base accepts a proton.
H3PO4 is able to donate a proton in both theories, making it the only option that can act as an acid according to both.
The compound that can act as an acid only according to both Arrhenius Acid-Base Theory and Bronsted-Lowry Acid-Base Theory is (A) H3PO4. In the Arrhenius Theory, an acid is a substance that releases H+ ions in aqueous solutions, while in the Bronsted-Lowry Theory, an acid is a proton donor.
H3PO4, also known as phosphoric acid, can donate protons (H+ ions) in both theories, while the other compounds (B) Na2CO3, (C) KHCO3, and (D) Na2HPO4 cannot act as acids in both theories, as they do not donate protons but instead may act as bases or salts.
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H3PO4 can act as an acid only according to both Arrhenius Acid-Base Theory and Bronsted-Lowry Acid-Base Theory. It donates a hydrogen ion (H+) to a base, forming the conjugate base H2PO4-. Na2CO3, KHCO3, and Na2HPO4 can act as bases according to the Bronsted-Lowry Acid-Base Theory but not according to the Arrhenius Acid-Base Theory, as they do not produce H+ ions when dissolved in water.
The options are (A) H3PO4, (B) Na2CO3, (C) KHCO3, and (D) Na2HPO4. The correct answer is (A) H3PO4. According to Arrhenius theory, an acid donates H+ ions in aqueous solutions, and according to Bronsted-Lowry theory, an acid donates protons (H+). H3PO4, or phosphoric acid, donates H+ ions in both theories, making it an acid only. The other options are either bases or salts, which do not exclusively act as acids in both theories.
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franny made a chart to summarize the characteristics of the two nuclear forces. which describes the error in her chart? the strong nuclear force must be strong enough to overcome the repulsive force of protons, not electrons. the strong nuclear force keeps protons and electrons together in an atom, not protons and neutrons. the weak nuclear force is responsible for alpha and beta decay, not just beta decay. the weak nuclear force kee
The second statement, "The strong nuclear force keeps protons and electrons in an atom together, not protons and neutrons," is incorrect. which is off-base.
Option B is correct .
The protons are in the cores of the molecules with the neutrons. Protons have a positive charge, whereas neutrons do not. So, given that they are all positive charges,
The strong nuclear force is responsible for keeping the protons and neutrons in the nucleus together. The nuclei could not exist without the powerful nuclear force.
Nuclear force :Along with gravity, electromagnetism, and the weak force, the strong force, also known as the strong nuclear force, is one of nature's four fundamental forces. The strong force is the strongest of the four, as its name suggests. It creates larger particles by binding fundamental matter particles, or quarks.
Incomplete question :
Franny made a chart to summarize the characteristics of the two nuclear forces. Which describes the error in her chart?
A. The strong nuclear force must be strong enough to overcome the repulsive force of protons, not electrons.
B. The strong nuclear force keeps protons and electrons together in an atom, not protons and neutrons.
C.The weak nuclear force is responsible for alpha and beta decay, not just beta decay.
D.The weak nuclear force keeps particles that make up neutrons and electrons together, not neutrons and protons.
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Answer:
B is wrong
Explanation:
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Both physical and chemical changes are associated with changes in energy. Compare the energy changes of the system and surroundings that are associated with exothermic changes and with endothermic changes. Answer in 3 to 5 sentences
Exothermic changes give out energy to their surroundings, causing an increase in heat endothermic changes, take in energy, so the opposite takes place.
f a bar of silver is covered with of silver tarnish, what amount (in ) of silver atoms was either oxidized or reduced? the molar mass of is . report the answer to 3 significant figures.
Bar's silver atoms are oxidized to create silver tarnish. Silver moles tarnish. (Ag₂S) will oxidised = 0.0412 mol
Bar's silver atoms are oxidized to create silver tarnish. Silver moles tarnish. (Ag₂S)
5.11 g ÷247-8 g/mol = 0.0206 mol
1 mol Ag₂s is formed from 2 mol Ag.
Hence , the total silver (Ag) atoms gets oxidised.
2 × 0.0206 mol
Moles of Ag oxidised is = 0.0412 mol
2.) Solving Oxidation half: Ag For 1 mol Ag,
1 mol e- Ag⁺ are transferred
Electrons transferred. 0412 mol
What is the significance of oxidation and reduction?Redox reactions, or oxidation-reduction reactions, are important because they are the main sources of natural or artificial energy on this planet. By removing hydrogen and replacing it with oxygen, oxidation of molecules typically results in the release of a significant amount of energy.
What is the oxidation-decrease process?The substance that gives electrons is oxidized by it. Because iron has been oxidized (the iron has lost some electrons) and oxygen has been reduced (the oxygen has gained some electrons), it reacts with oxygen to form rust, a chemical. Oxidation is the cause of reduction.
Incomplete question :
Silver Tarnish II 0.0/2.0 points (graded) If a bar of silver is covered with 5.11 g of silver tarnish, what amount (in mol) of silver atoms was either oxidized or reduced? The molar mass of Ag2S is 247.8 mol What amount (in mol) of electrons were transferred?
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A marshmallow peep contains 0.16-L at STP. The marshmallow peep is then placed in a vacuum and the pressure is reduced to 0.43 atm. What is the new volume of the marshmallow peep?
a balanced equation is not necessary to perform calculations involving δhrxn
A balanced equation is a crucial component in calculating the enthalpy change of a reaction (δhrxn). This is because the enthalpy change is a function of the stoichiometry of the reaction, and the balanced equation provides the necessary coefficients to determine the relative amounts of reactants and products that are involved. In other words, the coefficients in the balanced equation represent the number of moles of each substance that are involved in the reaction.
It is not possible to perform accurate calculations involving δhrxn without a balanced equation. Without a balanced equation, it is impossible to determine the exact number of moles of each reactant and product involved in the reaction, which would lead to incorrect calculations of the enthalpy change. In addition, a balanced equation ensures that the law of conservation of mass is satisfied, which is essential in any chemical reaction. A balanced equation is necessary to perform accurate calculations involving δhrxn. It provides the necessary information regarding the stoichiometry of the reaction, allowing for the accurate determination of the enthalpy change. Without a balanced equation, the calculations would be inaccurate and unreliable.
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Given that E o = 0.52 V for the reduction Cu+(aq) + e− → Cu(s), calculate E o , ΔG o , and K for the following reaction at 25°C: 2Cu+(aq) ⇌ Cu2+(aq) + Cu(s)
25°C, the standard cell potential for the reaction 2Cu+(aq) ⇌ Cu2+(aq) + Cu(s) is 0.18 V, the standard Gibbs free energy change is -35,023 J/mol, and the equilibrium constant is 5.4 × 10^17.
The overall reaction is the sum of two half-reactions:
Cu+(aq) + e− → Cu(s) E° = 0.52 V
Cu2+(aq) + 2e− → Cu(s) E° = 0.34 V
To find the standard cell potential for the reaction, we can subtract the second half-reaction from the first one:
Cu+(aq) + e− → Cu(s) E° = 0.52 V
Cu2+(aq) + 2e− → Cu(s) E° = 0.34 V
2Cu+(aq) → Cu2+(aq) + Cu(s) E° = 0.52 V - 0.34 V = 0.18 V
The standard Gibbs free energy change for the reaction can be calculated using the equation:
ΔG° = -nFE°
where n is the number of moles of electrons transferred in the reaction and F is the Faraday constant (96,485 C/mol).
In this case, n = 2 (because two electrons are transferred) and:
ΔG° = -2 × 96,485 C/mol × 0.18 V = -35,023 J/mol
Finally, we can use the equation:
ΔG° = -RT ln K
where R is the gas constant (8.314 J/(mol·K)), T is the temperature in kelvins (25°C = 298 K), and K is the equilibrium constant.
Solving for K, we get:
K = e^(-ΔG°/RT) = e^(-(-35,023 J/mol)/(8.314 J/(mol·K) × 298 K)) = 5.4 × 10^17
Therefore, at 25°C, the standard cell potential for the reaction 2Cu+(aq) ⇌ Cu2+(aq) + Cu(s) is 0.18 V, the standard Gibbs free energy change is -35,023 J/mol, and the equilibrium constant is 5.4 × 10^17.
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step (1) is the rate-determining step. in the rate law for this reaction, what will be the kinetic order for reagent c?
Since step (1) is the rate-determining step, the rate law for the reaction will be determined by the molecularity of that step. In other words, the rate law will depend on the number of molecules or species involved in the transition state of step (1).
In the given reaction, step (1) involves the collision between two molecules: A and B. Therefore, the rate law for the reaction will depend on the concentration of A and B, as well as the rate constant for step (1).
There is no direct involvement of reagent C in step (1), so it will not appear in the rate law as a separate kinetic order. However, reagent C could still affect the rate of the reaction indirectly by influencing the concentration of A or B, or by changing the reaction conditions such as temperature or pressure. Therefore, the effect of reagent C on the reaction rate would need to be determined experimentally.
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