The NaOH 31.5 ml of 0.0833 M NaOH will be required to 25.0 mL of 0.105 M HCl.
Given
M1= 0.105 M HCl
V1 = 25 ml HCl
M2 = ?
V2 = 31.5 ml NaOH
From concentration calculation
M1V1 = M2V2
0.105 M x 25 ml = M2 x 31.5 ml
M2 = 0.0833 M NaOH
Titration is a technique for determining an unknown solution's concentration. Titrating refers to a solution's known concentration. The burette is filled with the titrant. Analyte or titrate refers to the solution's undetermined concentration. In Erlenmeyer, the analyte or titrate is added.
Hence, HCl is titrated with NaOH in given concentrations.
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elemental silicon is oxidized by $\ce{o2}$ to give a compound which dissolves in molten $\ce{na2co3}$. when this solution is treated with aqueous hydrochloric acid, a precipitate forms. what is the precipitate?
SiO₂ formed as a precipitate.
Elemental silicon is oxidized by O₂ to give a compound which dissolves in molten Na₂CO₃ . When this solution is treated with aqueous hydrochloric acid, SiO₂ formed as a precipitate.
Mechanism 1
1. Si + O₂ → SiO₂
2. SiO₂ + Na₂CO₃ → CO₂ + Na₂SiO₃
3. Na₂SiO₃ + 2 HCl (aq) → 2 NaCl + H₂O (l) + SiO₂
In chemistry, a stable shaped via a change in a solution, frequently due to a chemical reaction or change in temperature that decreases solubility of a stable. In meteorology a precipitate is liquid or strong water.
Hence, SiO₂ formed as a precipitate.
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explain how the hydrogen bright line spectrum provides experimental evidence of atomic energy levels and what the relative spacing between the lines means
Experimental evidence of Atomic energy by Hydrogen bright line spectrum
The hydrogen bright line spectrum provides evidence by showing different colours which are having different wavelengths.
What is Hydrogen Bright Line Spectrum?
The Rydberg formula has been used to determine the wavelengths of several spectral series that have derived from the emission spectrum of atomic hydrogen. These spectral lines that have been seen are the result of electron transitions between two energy levels within an atom. The development of quantum mechanics was greatly aided by the Rydberg formula's classification of the series. In astronomical spectroscopy, the spectral series are crucial for determining red shifts and detecting the existence of hydrogen.
Experimental evidence of Atomic energy by Hydrogen bright line spectrum
The hydrogen bright line spectrum provides evidence by showing different colours which are having different wavelengths.
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which statement is true? which statement is true? in a reaction, oxidation can occur independently of reduction. a redox reaction involves either the transfer of an electron or a change in the oxidation state of an element. if any of the reactants or products in a reaction contain oxygen, the reaction is a redox reaction. redox reaction is a reaction in which there is a change in the oxidation states of atoms in going from reactants to products.
In a redox reaction, any increase in the oxidation state of a reacant must be accompanied by a decrease in the oxidation state of a reactant.if any of the reactants or products in a reaction contain oxygen, the reaction is a redox reaction. redox reaction is a reaction in which there is a change in the oxidation states of atoms in going from reactants to products.
a chemical process that occurs when an object comes into touch with oxygen or another oxidizer. Rust and an apple's brown color are examples of oxidation. There is an oxidation reaction when oxygen interacts with a substance or an element. The process of removing hydrogen from the reactant species is another definition of oxidation. A molecule, atom, or ion undergoes oxidation when it loses electrons.
Reactions where electrons are gained are referred to as reduction, whereas reactions where electrons are lost are referred to as oxidation.
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Answer:
a reaction in which the exchange of electrons (oxygen) occurs.
Explanation:
Phosphorus trichloride is used in the production of chemicals that keep plants from growing in a specific area. This compound is made of phosphorus and chlorine atoms. What two symbols would make up the chemical formula of this covalent compound? p and c p and cl pr and ce pr and cr.
Option b; Phosphorus trichloride is used in the production of chemicals that keep plants from growing in a specific area. This compound is made of phosphorus and chlorine atoms. Two symbols are p and cl.
An inorganic substance with the chemical formula PCl3 is phosphorus trichloride. It is a significant industrial chemical that is used to make phosphites and other organophosphorus compounds. When pure, it is a colorless liquid. It is poisonous and easily combines with water to produce hydrogen chloride. Over one million tones are produced globally. Industrially, white phosphorus and chlorine are combined while utilizing phosphorus trichloride as a solvent to create phosphorus trichloride. In this ongoing procedure, PCl3 is eliminated as it forms to prevent the creation of PCl5. It is triangular and pyramidal in shape. Regarding a standard for phosphoric acid, its 31P NMR spectrum shows a singlet at about +220 ppm.
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How many atoms of hydrogen ( h ) are present in 200 molecules of ammonia ( nh3 )?.
First, lets examine the formula for that of Ammonia.
Ammonia = NH3
Notice that in the formula, there are 3 hydrogen atoms in a single ammonia molecule. This being said, if there are 200 molecules of ammonia in the given scenario, multiply 200 by 3.
[tex]200[/tex] × [tex]3 = 600[/tex] ← Amount of (H) Atoms Present in 200 (NH3) Molecules
Hope this helps!
lithium has two naturally occurring isotopes, 6li and 7 li, with masses of6.015 amu and 7.016 amu, respectively. what is the relative abundance of each isotope?
The relative abundance of Li-6 =0.0749 = 7.49%
The relative abundance of Li-7 =1 - 0.0749 = 0.9251 =92.51%
Formula used to calculate average atomic mass follows:
Avg atomic mass = ∑(atomic mass of an isotope) x (fractional abundance) ....(1)
Let the fractional abundance of Li-6 isotope be 'x'. So, fractional abundance of Li-7 isotope will be '1 - x'
For Li-6 isotope:
Mass of Li-6 isotope = 6.015 amu
For Li-7 isotope:
Mass of Li-7 isotope = 7.016 amu
Average atomic mass of lithium = 6.941 amu
6.941 amu = x *(6.015) + (1-x) * (7.016)
x= 0.0749
The relative abundance of Li-6 =0.0749 = 7.49%
The relative abundance of Li-7 =1 - 0.0749 = 0.9251 =92.51%
Therefore, the relative abundance of the isotope is 92.51%
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when this enzyme catalyze the reaction, the activation energy barrier changes by 27.6 kj/mol for the forward rate constant. how will the activation energy barrier change for the reverse rate constant in this catalyzed reaction?
The change in the activation energy barrier is the same: 27.6 kJ/mole.
By reducing the activation energy, a catalyst can speed up a process. In the case of this question, the activation energy is reduced by 27.6 kg per mole, which unquestionably speeds up the reaction.
However, a catalyst does not disrupt the equilibrium because it clearly affects both the forward and backward reaction rates as shown in the picture attached below.
As a result, the forward reaction's activation energy is reduced by 27.6 kJ/mole. Then perhaps the activation energy barrier, 27.6 KJ/mole for the reverse reaction, does not change. Consequently, the addition of a catalyst has no effect on the equilibrium.
Therefore, the activation energy barrier remains constant at 27.6 kJ/mole.
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One mL of water i poured onto one hand and one mL of acetone i poured onto the other hand. A they evaporate, they both feel cool. Which one feel cooler and why?
Energy is required for evaporation, and so this extra heat is expended from the body. they both feel chilly as they dissipate.
Describe evaporation and provide instances.
In the water cycle, evaporation happens when water from any body of water on the earth's surface evaporates into the atmosphere. Rain is produced when this water cools. Evaporation is what creates the steam inside a warm cup of coffee or tea.
What is the evaporation process?
The process of evaporation turns liquid water into gas water (water vapor). Evaporation is how water gets from the surface of the Earth to the atmosphere. Heat energy causes the bonds holding the water together to fall apart, which causes evaporation.
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On the basis of strength of intermolecular forces, which of the following elements would be expected to have the highest melting point?(A)Br2(B) Cl2(C) F2(D) Kr(E) N2
The element with the highest melting point is bromine (Br2). As a result, choice (A) is the right one.
Intermolecular forces: What are they?The attractive and repellent forces that form between the molecules of a substance are known as intermolecular forces. The majority of the chemical and physical characteristics of matter are governed by these forces. Vander Waals forces are the intermolecular forces that hold molecules together.
Intermolecular forces are those that exist within the molecules themselves. Intermolecular forces keep the particles of solids and liquids bound together.
Dipole-Dipole Interactions, Ion-Dipole Interactions, Ion-Induced Dipole Interactions, Dipole-Induced Dipole Interactions, and Dispersion Forces are the intermolecular forces.
A significant amount of energy will be needed to break bonds as atom sizes grow because of the stronger intermolecular force. Since among all the elements, bromine is the largest in size. Bromine will therefore have the highest melting point.
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Undecane is an alkane that contains an 11-carbon chain. How many hydrogen atoms are in undecane?.
Straight-chain alkane undecane has 24 hydrogen atoms in it.
How many atoms of hydrogen and carbon are there in decane?10 carbon atoms and 22 hydrogen atoms are covalently linked together to form the hydrocarbon decane. Decane is a member of the enormous organic family known as alkanes. The only atoms in the hydrocarbon molecules of the alkane family are carbon and hydrogen.
An alkyne with 16 carbon atoms has how many hydrogen atoms?Consequently, the alkyne with 16 hydrogen atoms has the formula C9H16 C 9 H 16. Alkenes are hydrocarbons with a double bond connecting the carbon atoms. Their usual formula is CnH2n, or C n H 2 n. 2n = 44, where n is the number of hydrogen atoms.
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recall that temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of a substance. both ethanol and water had the same amount of thermal energy added to them, but their temperatures are different. why does the same amount of added energy (in water) not increase its temperature as much as in ethanol?
The same amount of added energy in water not increase its temperature as much as in ethanol because of temperature difference.
What is temperature?
The physical concept of temperature expresses in numerical form how hot or cold something is. A thermometer is used to determine temperature. Thermometers are calibrated using a variety of temperature scales, which historically defined various reference points as well as thermometric substances. The most popular scales are the Celsius scale, also known as centigrade, with the unit symbol °C, the Fahrenheit scale (°F), as well as the Kelvin scale (K), with the latter being primarily used for scientific purposes. One of the seven units inside the International System of Units is the kelvin (SI).
The average kinetic energy of all the atoms or molecules that make up a substance is how we define temperature in chemistry. A substance's constituent particles do not all possess the same kinetic energy. The distribution of the particles' kinetic energy at any particular moment can be used to describe it.
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If 25.0 g of NH₃ and 51.5 g of O₂ react in the following reaction, what is the mass in grams of NO that will be formed?
4 NH₃ (g) + 5 O₂ (g) → 4 NO (g) + 6 H₂O (g)
According to law of conservation of mass and stoichiometry, if 25.0 g of NH₃ and 51.5 g of O₂ react in the given reaction 816 g of NO will be formed.
What is law of conservation of mass?According to law of conservation of mass, it is evident that mass is neither created nor destroyed rather it is restored at the end of a chemical reaction .
Law of conservation of mass and energy are related as mass and energy are directly proportional which is indicated by the equation E=mc².
Law needs to be modified in accordance with laws of quantum mechanics under the principle of mass and energy equivalence.This law was proposed by Antoine Lavoisier in the year 1789.
As per the law, mass of reactant= mass of products, (4×25)+(5×51.5)-(6×18)=816 g.
Thus, 816 g of NO is formed in the given reaction.
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the solubility of slaked lime, ca(oh)2, in water at 20°c is 0.185 g/100.0 ml. what volume of 0.00100 m hcl is needed to neutralize 10.0 ml of a saturated ca(oh)2 solution?
50 points please graph the points please in the color they are in
Answer: Umm
Explanation:
I can't draw on the picture oh wait I can let me add my answer
Answer:Well just use the numbers in the chart and go from the bottom to the top. I understand that these are hard I would recommend watching a video on something that is similar to this problem and do it that way I understand if This is not much help but this question has stumped me. :(
Explanation:
consider three one-liter flasks labeled a, b, and c filled with the gases cl2, clo2, and cl2o, respectively, each at 1 atm and 273 K. In which flask do the molecules have the highest average kinetic energy?
Consider three one-liter flasks labeled a, b, and c filled with the gases Cl₂, ClO₂, and Cl₂O, each at 1 atm and 273 K. flask do the molecules have the highest average kinetic energy is all the flask molecules have highest average kinetic energy.
The kinetic energy expression is given as :
K.E = 3/2 K T
so, from the expression it is clear that the kinetic energy and the temperature of the gas particles are directly proportional to each other. the relation is given as :
K.E ∝ T
the temperature for all the three flasks are same so, all the three flask the molecules have the highest average kinetic energy.
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beaker a is filled to the brim with water. beaker b is the same size and contains a small block of wood which floats when the beaker is filled with water to the brim. which beaker weighs more?
Beaker a is filled to the brim with water. beaker b is the same size and contains a small block of wood which floats when the beaker is filled with water to the brim. both beakers weighs same more.
In its gaseous, liquid, and solid states, water is a substance made up of the elements hydrogen and oxygen. It is among the most common and necessary compounds. At room temperature, it is an odorless, tasteless liquid with the significant property of dissolving many other substances. Glass container with a flat bottom and a tiny pouring spout is known as a beaker. It is employed in the chemistry lab to stir, heat, and mix liquids. Beakers are cylindrical containers that come in a range of sizes.
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how many grams of sodium cholide are thee in 55.0 ml of a 1.90 m aqueous solution of sodium chioride
The aqueous solution of sodium chloride is 56.9g
Reason:
Given:
Molarity = 1.9M,
Volume = 55 mL,
Molar Mass NaCl = 58.44 = [ 22.99 + 35.45 ], 1.9M means 1.9 moles in 1000 mL
55mL -> (1.9)(55/1000) = 0.1045
Mass in g = (58.44)(0.1045) = 6.10698
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determine the michaelis constant, the maxmium velocity of the reaction, the turnover number and the catalytic efficiency
The substrate concentration at which a reaction progresses at half its maximum velocity is known as the Michaelis constant, or Km. The affinities are most precisely represented by this constant.
A high Michaelis constant: what does that mean?
The Michaelis constant is a measure of the substrate's affinity for the enzyme; a small value implies high affinity, suggesting that the rate will approach with lower than those processes with a higher value. Its value is numerically equivalent to the at which the reaction rate is at half-maximum.
The significance of a low Michaelis-Menten constant
The enzyme's affinity for the molecules of the substrate is represented by the Michaelis-Menten constant. Less substrate concentration will be required if the enzyme has a high affinity for the substrate.
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what is the ph of a solution prepared by diluting 50.00 ml of 0.020 m ba(oh)2 with enough water to produce a total volume of 250.00 ml?
The pH of the solution is 11.6
given that :
molarity of Ba(OH)₂ = 0.020 M
volume = 50 mL = 0.05 L
number of moles = molarity × volume in L
= 0.020 × 0.05
= 0.001 mol
the molarity after dilution = 0.001 / 0.250
= 0.004
pOH = -log (0.004 )
= 2.39
pH + pOH = 14
pH = 14 - pOH
= 14 - 2.39
= 11.6
Thus, the pH of a solution prepared by diluting 50.00 ml of 0.020 m Ba(OH)₂ with enough water to produce a total volume of 250.00 ml is 11.6.
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sulfur is in the same column of the periodic table as oxygen but it is less electronegative than oxygen. compared to water molecules, how will the h2s molecules behave?sulfur is in the same column of the periodic table as oxygen but it is less electronegative than oxygen. compared to water molecules, how will the h2s molecules behave?not be able to form hydrogen bonds with each otherhave a higher capacity to absorb heat for the same change in temperaturehave greater cohesion to other h2s moleculeshave a greater tendency to form hydrogen bonds with each other
Sulfur is in the same column of the periodic table as oxygen but it is less electronegative than oxygen , the H₂S molecules will behave as not be able to form hydrogen bonds with each other.
The hydrogen bond is the type of the dipole dipole interaction between the molecules directly attached to the more electronegative atom like Fluorine , oxygen and nitrogen. for hydrogen bonding the molecule must contain highly electronegative atom. the hydrogen bonding are of the two types : intermolecular hydrogen bonding and intramolecular hydrogen bonding.
Thus, sulfur is in the same column as oxygen but H₂S molecules will not form the hydrogen bond with each other.
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which of the following statements about water are true? group of answer choices the conjugate acid of water is h3o . water can act as an acid. the conjugate base of water is oh-. water can act as a base. all of the above are true.
All the following statements are true about water.
Amphoteric nature:
A molecule or ion that can react both as an acid and as a base is known as an amphoteric compound. Since water has the potential to act both as an acid and as a base, water is amphoteric in nature.
All the statements are true about water. Water is amphoteric in nature which means that it can react with both acid as well as base. When reacting with base water acts as an acid and while reacting with acid, it acts as a base.
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where would 14c have to be in the starting glucose to ensure that the fermentation process releases all of the 14c label as 14co2?
The methyl group of pyruvate is where C1 labels when it is added to glucose. A hexose is split into two trioses by aldolase.
What exactly happens during fermentation?
Carbohydrates are broken down by the enzymes of microorganisms during fermentation in the absence of oxygen. Microorganisms like bacteria and fungi are able to produce enzymes that can break down different kinds of sugar molecules because they have unique sets of metabolic genes.
Short answer: What is the fermentation process?
A substance decomposes into a simpler substance through the process of fermentation. In the absence of oxygen or any electron transport, the metabolic process known as fermentation transforms organic molecules (mostly carbohydrates like starch or sugar) into acids, gases, or alcohol.
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Which gas law can be used to calculate the pressure of hydrogen gas collected over water.
Calculating the tension of hydrogen gas gathered over water is possible using Dalton's Law of Equivalent Pressures.
Is hydrogen a liquid or a gas?Around room temperature and pressure, hydrogen is a gas, but at -423 degrees Fahrenheit, it condenses into a liquid (minus 253 degrees Celsius).
Can fuel be made from hydrogen?The gasoline for engines with internal combustion can also be hydrogen. These, however, are less effective than FCEVs and emit tailpipe pollutants. Try reading up on fuel cells. A gallon of gasoline (6.2 kilograms, 2.8 kilograms) has approximately the same amount of energy as 2.2 gbp (1 kilogram) of hydrogen.
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would you expect the tert-butyl bromide or the tert-butanol to have a higher boiling point? describe the intermolecular forces present in each to justify your answer (5 pts).
Tert-butanol has a -OH group so it will undergo hydrogen bonding and it will show the highest boiling point, while tert- butyl bromide has no hydrogen bonding.
What is the Boiling point?When a liquid's vapour pressure equals that of the gas above it, that liquid has reached its boiling point. When a liquid's vapour pressure reaches one atmosphere, it is said to have reached its usual boiling point (760 torrs).
What is Hydrogen bonding?Two atoms that are already involved in other chemical connections are attracted to one another in a hydrogen bond. Hydrogen is one of the atoms, while the other can be any electronegative element, such as oxygen, chlorine, or fluorine. Atoms within a molecule or molecules can form hydrogen bonds with one another.
Hence, tert-butanol has a -OH group so it will undergo hydrogen bonding and it will show the highest boiling point, while tert- butyl bromide has no hydrogen bonding.
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use the ionic bonding model to determine which has the higher melting point, rbcl or sro . explain your answer.
RbCl has a lower charge and a higher melting point. Since the strontium and oxygen ions are bound acrystalline lattice according to the bonding concept, you would expect SrO to have a higher melting point.
What, in theory, is bonding?
Valence Covalent bond formation and the electrical structure of molecules are both covered by bond theory. The theory presupposes that inside a molecule, specific atoms' atomic orbitals are occupied by electrons, and that electrons from one atom are drawn to the nucleus of another atom.
What are the three theories of bonds?
Lewis hypothesis In this idea, the atom's surrounding electrons and lone pairs are represented by dots. Theory of valence bonds: According to this hypothesis, bonds are formed when electrons are shared among atoms' orbitals. Theory of molecular orbitals That is
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write the symbol for the ion of each element. classify the ion as an anion or a cation, and name the ion. a) potassium b) oxygen c) tin ( 2 electrons lost) d) bromine e) beryllium f) cobalt (3 eletctron lost )
a) The symbol of potassium is K
b) The symbol of oxygen is O
c) The symbol of tin ( 2 electrons lost) Sn²⁺ and its cation.
d) The symbol bromine is Br
e) The symbol beryllium is Be
f) The symbol cobalt (3 electrons lost ) is Co³⁺ and it's a cobaltic cation.
What is the symbol for a chemical?
Chemical elements, functional groups, and chemical compounds are represented by chemical symbols, which are acronyms used in chemistry. Elements' chemical symbols typically include one or two Latin letters, with the first letter capitalized.
As superscripts or subscripts, additional information, such as an isotope, an ionization state, or an oxidation state, can be added to the symbol in addition to the letters. Some isotopes have unique symbols instead of isotopic information added to the element symbol.
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enough of a monoprotic acid is dissolved in water to produce a 1.55 m solution. the ph of the resulting solution is 2.70 . calculate the ka for the acid.
The ka for the monoprotic acid is 5.37 × 10⁻⁴.
Consequently, a monoprotic acid is an acid that may donate simplest one proton, whilst polyprotic acid can donate multiple proton. in addition, a monoprotic base can most effective accept one proton, while a polyprotic base can take delivery of more than one proton.
The key difference among monoprotic and diprotic acid is that monoprotic acids are able to donate one hydrogen atom or proton to their aqueous solution, while diprotic acids are able to donate hydrogen atoms or protons to their aqueous answer.
Calculation:-
The value of dissociation constant of acid is
Ka = (0.00295)(0.00295)/0.0162)
Ka = 5.37 × 10⁻⁴
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jeremiah's parents are having a lot of difficulty with their 15-year-old son. he continually argues with them and tests their rules. a psychologist tells jeremiah's parents that his urge to rebel will probably as jeremiah reaches late adolescence.
Jeremiah's parents are having a lot of difficulty with their 15-year-old son. He continually argues with them and tests their rules. A psychologist tells Jeremiah's parents that his urge to rebel will probably decrease as Jeremiah reaches late adolescence.
Adolescent psychology seeks to understand teens and assist them in transitioning from childhood to adulthood. According to the American Academy of Pediatrics, adolescence is a time of rapid development in five areas: moral, social, physical, cognitive, and emotional.
Adolescence, the years between puberty and adulthood, can be divided into three stages: early-adolescence (ages eleven to fourteen), middle-adolescence (ages fifteen to seventeen), and late-adolescence (ages eighteen to twenty-one).
Anyone who works or lives with teenagers will benefit from a course in adolescent psychology. Learn about the physical, psychological, and emotional changes that teenagers go through. Learn about the crises and challenges that adolescents face. Recognize social and moral development.
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. suppose 45.1 g of sulfuric acid is mixed with 47. g of sodium hydroxide. calculate the minimum mass of sulfuric acid that could be left over by the chemical reaction. round your answer to 2
the minimum mass of sulfuric acid that could be left over by the chemical reaction is 0.4608 mol.
How to calculate ?H2SO4(aq) + 2NaOH(s) ==> Na2SO4(aq) + 2H2O(l) ... balanced equation
Find the reactant that is the limit. Determine which is less by dividing the moles of each reactant by the corresponding coefficient in the balanced equation.
For H2SO4: 45.1 g H2SO4 x 1 mol H2SO4/98 g = 0.4602 mols (÷1>0.4602)
For NaOH: 47. g NaOH x 1 mol NaOH / 40. g = 1.175 mols (÷2->1.175)
Since 0.4602 is less than 1.175, H2SO4 is our limiting reactant, and the greatest amount of product that may be created will depend on the moles of H2SO4.
If the reaction is allowed to finish, there can be no more H2SO4 than a minimum mass of 0 grams. There shouldn't be any NaOH left over because it will run out before it is completely consumed.
That's a different matter if you meant to inquire about the smallest mass of NaOH that might possibly remain. In that scenario, you'll need to submit the problem again.
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the curved arrow notation is a powerful method used by organic chemists to show the movement of electrons not only in resonance structures, but also in chemical reactions. since each curved arrow shows the movement of two electrons, following the curved arrows illustrates the bonds that are broken and formed in the reaction. consider the following reaction. use the curved arrows drawn in the reaction to draw the structure of x. x is converted in the following step to phenol and hcl.
When a compound's qualities cannot be fully explained by a single structure, we require more structures. These additional structures are known as resonance structures, and the phenomenon they describe is known as resonance.
Resonance is the term used to describe the phenomena of enhanced amplitude that happens when the frequency of a periodic force is applied (or a Fourier component of it) is equal to or nearly equal to the natural frequency of the system on which it works. In contrast to when the same oscillating force is applied at other, non-resonant frequencies, a dynamic system will oscillate at a higher amplitude when the oscillating force is applied at its resonant frequency.
Resonant frequencies or resonance frequencies of the system are frequencies at which the response amplitude is a relative maximum. Small periodic forces that are close to a resonant frequency of the system can produce large amplitude oscillations in the system due to the storage of vibrational energy.
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