The solution is excess hydrogen ions and a low ph.
It probably has a low pH and too many hydrogen ions. Acid mine drainage (AMD), which lowers the pH of water resources and makes dissolved metals easily available for uptake by benthic animals and fish, is a significant contributor to the entry of these contaminants into the human food chain. The term "acid mine drainage" refers to the runoff that results from water coming into touch with exposed sulfur-bearing minerals. These minerals react with the water and air to produce sulfuric acid and dissolved iron. Heavy metals like copper, lead, and mercury are dissolved by this acidic runoff, contaminating both groundwater and surface water. Mine drainage issues include tainted drinking water, hampered aquatic plant and animal development and reproduction, and the acid's corrosive effects on parts.
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the tarnish that forms on objects made of silver is solid silver sulfide; it can be removed by reacting it with aluminum metal to produce silver metal and solid aluminum sulfide. how many moles of silver are made if you react 6 moles of aluminum with 4 moles of silver sulfide? hint: write a balanced chemical equation first.
The balanced chemical formula for the reaction of silver sulphide and aluminium is
3Al + 4Ag2S 6Ag + Al2S3.
The balanced equation's stoichiometry can be used to calculate how many moles of silver were produced during the reaction. In other words, for every 4 moles of silver sulphide, 6 moles of silver are produced due to the silver's 4/4 coefficient on the reactant side and 6/6 coefficient on the product side.
The number of moles of silver produced by the reaction of 6 moles of aluminium and 4 moles of silver sulphide is 6. The balanced equation's stoichiometry, which states that 4 moles of silver sulphide result in the production of 6 moles of silver, can be used to determine this.
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What is the half-life for a first-order reaction that has a rate constant of 2. 3 x 10^-4s^-1
A. 3,013 seconds
B. 0. 00033 seconds
C. 0. 00016 seconds
D. 2,300 seconds
A. 3,013 seconds is the half-life for a first-order reaction that has a rate constant of 2. 3 x 10^-4s^-1
A reaction's half-life is the amount of time needed for the reactant concentration to drop to half its initial value. The concentration of the reactant has no bearing on the half-life of a first-order reaction. It is a constant and connected to the reaction's rate constant: t1/2 = 0.693/k. The phrase is frequently used in nuclear physics to refer to how long stable atoms last or how quickly unstable atoms decay radioactively.
half life (t1/2) = 0.693/ k
rate constant= 2.3*10-4
t1/2 = 0.693/2.3*10-4
t1/2= 3013 seconds
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Copy and complete this concept map
An effective technique to show the connections between various concepts, ideas, and pieces of knowledge is through the use of concept maps.
Concept maps – what are they?Visual displays of information are called concept maps. They can be shown as graphs, tables, timelines, Venn Diagrams, flowcharts, or T-charts. Any type of learner can benefit from concept maps, but those who learn best visually will find them to be especially helpful.An effective technique to show the connections between various concepts, ideas, and pieces of knowledge is through the use of concept maps. One major idea or focus question is presented in a hierarchy along with multiple related ideas, important concepts, and subtopics in concept maps. Concept maps and mind maps are not the same, despite the fact that they resemble one another.To learn more about concept maps refer to:
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help pls
Calculate the volume in mL of a 1.420 M NaOH solution required to titrate the following solutions:
(a) 25.00 mL of a 2.430 M HCI solution
(b) 25.00 mL of a 4.500 M H2SO4 solution
(c) 25.00 mL of a 1.500 M H3PO4 solution
(a) 25.00 mL of a 2.430 M HCI solution:
Moles of HCI = (2.430 M)(0.0250 L) = 0.06075 mol
Moles of NaOH = Moles of HCI = 0.06075 mol
Volume of NaOH = (0.06075 mol NaOH)/(1.420 M NaOH) = 0.0429 L = 42.9 mL
(b) 25.00 mL of a 4.500 M H2SO4 solution:
Moles of H2SO4 = (4.500 M)(0.0250 L) = 0.1125 mol
Moles of NaOH = Moles of H2SO4 = 0.1125 mol
Volume of NaOH = (0.1125 mol NaOH)/(1.420 M NaOH) = 0.0791 L = 79.1 mL
(c) 25.00 mL of a 1.500 M H3PO4 solution:
Moles of H3PO4 = (1.500 M)(0.0250 L) = 0.0375 mol
Moles of NaOH = Moles of H3PO4 = 0.0375 mol
Volume of NaOH = (0.0375 mol NaOH)/(1.420 M NaOH) = 0.0264 L = 26.4 mL
What is moles?
Moles in chemistry is a unit of measurement used to quantify the amount of a substance. It is based on the number of atoms, molecules, or other particles present in a given sample.
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Copy and complete this concept map.
a. Gases have particles that move rapidly in all directions, frequently colliding with each other and the side of the container resulting in no definite shape or volume.
b. Liquids have particles can move around one another resulting in the particles being strong enough to hold a specific volume.
c. Solids have particles vibrate around fixed positions resulting in the particles vibrate faster and faster until they have enough energy to break away from their fixed positions.
What are particles?A particle is described as a small localized object which can be described by several physical or chemical properties, such as volume, density, or mass.
In conclusion, the particles in solids are very close together, therefore they cannot usually be compressed or squashed.
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a sample of metal has a mass of 17.08 g, and a volume of 7.34 ml. what is the density of this metal?
The density of this metal sample is 2.32 g/mL.
To calculate the density of a sample of metal, we divide the mass of the sample by its volume. The density of an object is usually measured in g/cm³ (grams per cubic centimeter) or g/mL (grams per milliliter).
The formula for density is:
density = mass / volume
In this case, the mass of the metal is 17.08 g and its volume is 7.34 ml.
So we can calculate density by substituting these values into the formula:
density = 17.08 g / 7.34 ml = 2.32 g/mL
So, the density of this metal sample is 2.32 g/mL.
It's important to note that density of a metal is a characteristic property, so it can be used to identify a metal.
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Molybdenum can form a wide series of halide compounds, including four different fluoride compounds. the percent by mass of molybdenum in the four compounds is 63.0%, 56.0%, 50.0%, and 46.0%. determine the formula and name for each of the four different molybdenum fluorides.
Answer: 215.0%
Explanation:
32. A geologist studies the side of a mountain with many layers of Earth exposed. The geologist wants to know more about when a particular layer of sandstone formed. Which observation would best help determine the age of the sandstone layer? a. The width of the layer of sediment b. The type of fossils in the sediment c. The amount of moisture in the sediment d. The color of the minerals in the sediment
The sandstone is younger if the granite contains sandstone inclusions. The sandstone is younger if it shows evidence of contact metamorphism.
Explain about the geologist?Geologists are scientists that research the Earth's processes, materials, history, and natural features. There are other subcategories of geologists, including economic geologists who search for and exploit the planet's resources and environmental geologists who research how humans interact with the natural world.
Geologists examine the Earth's components, operations, byproducts, physical characteristics, and past. In connection to the geologic, climatic, and human processes that shape them, geomorphologists study the landforms and landscapes of the planet.
Those who study the Earth's surface and the materials that make it up are known as geologists. Geology, or the study of rocks, is the name of this field of study.
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iron crystallizes in a body-centered cubic cell having an edge length of 287.0 pm. what is the density of iron in g/cm3
The density of iron that crystallizes in a body-centered cubic cell having an edge length of 287.0 pm is 7.87g/cm³
In this case, iron is the given object, and we utilize the atomic number of iron to determine density, which is the ratio of the given object's mass to its volume.
Length = 287pm = 287x10⁻¹⁰cm, as we are aware.
Fe's atomic mass is 56.0u with a Z=2 configuration (for body centered cubic unit cell)
Na is Avogadro number = 6.022 x 10²³
Density = ZM / a³N
Z=body-centered cubic unit cell,
a=Length Density
Substituting the above values in the density formula we get:
Density = ZM / a³N
ρ= (2 x 56)/(287x10⁻¹⁰cm)³ (6.022 x 10²³).
ρ=7.87g/cm³
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Which of the following represents a cesium ion?? A. Cs2+ B. Cs+ C. Cs- D. Cs2-
Answer:
The correct answer is B. Cs+ represents a cesium ion.
the following substances dissolve when added to water. classify the substances according to the strongest solute-solvent interaction that will occur between the given substances and water during dissolution.
ion-ion forces N/A, dipole-dipole forces-CH3OH-HF, ion-dipole forces MgI2,CuCl2, London dispersion forces N/A, hydrogen bonding -C2H5OH and NH3
London dispersion forces are a particular kind of intermolecular force that affects atoms and molecules that are typically electrically symmetric, meaning that the distribution of the electrons with respect to the nucleus is symmetric. The forces of van der Waals include them. After the German physicist Fritz London, the LDF was created. An atom's unequal distribution of electrons results in London dispersion forces. As a result, the atom acquires a slight negative () and slight positive () charge on either side. There is now a transient dipole in place. This transient dipole may cause a transient dipole on an adjacent atom or molecule.
the following substances dissolve when added to water. classify the substances according to the strongest solute-solvent interaction that will occur between the given substances and water during dissolution.
1. CH3OH
2.MgCl2
3. CUCl2
4. NH3
5.C2H5OH
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two differences in properties between sugar and sugar solution
Sugar is solute while water is solvent.
What is solution?
Solution can be defined as a homogeneous mixture of two or more components in which one component is uniformly distributed in another component. The solvent is known to be a substance that dissolves the other substance and is present in a greater amount.
Solubility is the ability of a substance solute to dissolve in another substance solvent. When you add sugar to water the sugar dissolves and the mixture becomes a solution. In this method sugar is the solvent and water is the solution
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Fill in the words to complete each step in liquid spill cleanup. 1.Surround the area with _____, then cover the spill. 2. Scoop up the material and place in a _____.
the complete statement in liquid spill cleanup is 1- Surround the area with barriers, then cover the spill. 2- Scoop up the material and place it in a container.
steps for liquid spill cleanup are:
Identify and assess the type of liquid spilled.
Put on appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE)
Alert others in the area and evacuate if necessary.
Surround the area with barriers, such as caution tape or cones, to prevent anyone from entering the area.
Use absorbent materials, such as sand, clay, or kitty litter, to cover the spill and contain it.
Scoop up the material and place it in a container for proper disposal.
Clean the area with a neutralizing agent if necessary.
Dispose of the waste in accordance with local and federal regulations.
Check for any remaining traces of the spill and clean if necessary.
Document the incident and make sure it is properly reported if required by regulations.
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what most likely happens to soil when crops are not rotated from year to year?
Answer:
The soil nutrients will be depleted
Explanation:
Rotating crops provides productivity benefits by improving soil nutrient levels and breaking crop pest cycles.
When a small lump of calcium metal,
Ca, is added to water, it reacts giving
off hydrogen gas. A solutic of
calcium hydroxide, Ca(OH)₂, is also
formed in the reaction.
Write a balanced symbol equation,
including state symbols, for the
reaction.
Answer:
The reaction of calcium metal with water to form calcium hydroxide and hydrogen gas can be represented by the following balanced equation:
Ca(s) + 2H2O(l) → Ca(OH)2(aq) + H2(g)
In this equation, "Ca" represents calcium metal, "H2O" represents water, "Ca(OH)2" represents calcium hydroxide, and "H2" represents hydrogen gas. The state symbols (s) , (l) and (aq) represent solid, liquid and aqueous state respectively.
This equation represents the transfer of electrons from the calcium metal to the water molecules, resulting in the formation of calcium hydroxide (a base) and hydrogen gas. The equation is balanced, with one calcium atom on the reactant side and one on the product side, and two water molecules on the reactant side and one calcium hydroxide molecule and two hydrogen atoms on the product side.
Metal- magnesium
Appearance of metal- ?
Reactant-?
Observation of reaction-?
Magnesium and oxygen interact to create light that is so intense that it temporarily renders you blind.
What kind of reaction was observed when magnesium was burned?After burning, the magnesium oxide turns into a white powder. To create this powdery substance, magnesium surrenders two electrons to oxygen atoms. Exothermic reaction, as in this.Because so much heat is released during the reaction, magnesium burns so brightly. Magnesium provides two electrons to oxygen during this exothermic process, resulting in the formation of powdered magnesium oxide (MgO).When magnesium ribbon is burned in the air, the oxygen in the air combines with the magnesium to generate magnesium oxide. As a result, the following happens: Q. 2Mg+O2=2MgO.It emits bright white light. Magnesium reacts with oxygen to make magnesium oxide, which burns in steam to produce white magnesium oxide and hydrogen gas.To learn more about Magnesium refer to:
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11
3 points
Given 0. 842 g of NH3 and 0. 728 g of O2, which is the EXCESS reactant?
3
H20
02
4
NH3
UT
N2
6
7.
Taking into account the reaction stoichiometry, given 0.842 g of NH₃ and 0.728 g of O₂, NH₃ is the excess reactant.
Reaction stoichiometryThe balanced reaction is:
4 NH₃ + 5 O₂ → 4 NO + 6 H₂O
By reaction stoichiometry, the following amounts of moles of each compound participate in the reaction:
NH₃: 4 molesO₂: 5 molesNO: 4 molesH₂O: 6 molesThe molar mass of the compounds is:
NH₃: 17 g/moleO₂: 32 g/moleNO: 30 g/moleH₂O: 18 g/moleBy reaction stoichiometry, the following mass quantities of each compound participate in the reaction:
NH₃: 4 moles ×17 g/mole= 68 gramsO₂: 5 moles ×32 g/mole= 160 gramsNO: 4 moles ×30 g/mole= 120 gramsH₂O: 6 moles ×18 g/mole= 108 gramsDefinition of limiting and excess reagentThe limiting reactant is the one that is found in the least amount and, therefore, will be finished first at the time of the chemical reaction, resulting in the end of the reaction. In other words, when this reagent is finished, it will no longer be possible to continue generating a certain product.
The reactant in excess is one of which there is more than what is necessary for the chemical reaction to take place.
Limiting and excess reagent in this caseTo determine the limiting reagent, it is possible to use a simple rule of three as follows: if by stoichiometry 68 grams of NH₃ reacts with 160 grams of O₂, 0.842 grams of NH₃ reacts with how much mass of O₂?
mass of O₂= (0.842 grams of NH₃× 160 grams of O₂)÷68 grams of NH₃
mass of O₂= 1.98 grams
But 1.98 grams of O₂ are not available, 0.728 grams are available. Since you have less mass than you need to react with 0.842 grams of NH₃, O₂ will be the limiting reagent.
Then, NH₃ will be the excess reactant.
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Scientists want to investigate the effects of caffeine on short term memory by randomly assigning 200 volunteers to intake 86mg of caffeine before a memory quiz and the remaining 200 volunteers to intake 86mg of a placebo before taking a memory quiz. the quiz score of each volunteer is recorded. What is the response variable?
The response variable in this experiment is the quiz score of each volunteer.
This is the variable that the scientists are measuring in order to determine the effects of caffeine on short term memory. The quiz score will be used to compare the performance of the group that consumed caffeine to the group that consumed the placebo, in order to determine whether caffeine has a positive or negative impact on short-term memory. The quiz score is the outcome that is being measured and is the variable that will be used to draw conclusions about the effect of caffeine on memory.
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in a proton transfer reaction, equilibrium will favor the if the reacting acid and base are strong. since a strong acid and base form a conjugate acid and base, the reaction will favor the formation of the acid and base.multiple choice question.reactants; strong; strongproducts; strong; strongreactants; weak; strongproducts; weak; weak
The conjugate base of a Bronsted-Lowry acid is the species formed after an acid donates a proton.
what is conjugate acid and base?
A conjugate acid contains one more H atom and one more + charge than the base that formed it. Conjugate acid is formed when an acid donates a proton to a base. A conjugate base contains one less H atom and one more - charge than the acid that formed it. It is left over substance after acid loses its hydrogen ion.Conjugate base: substance formed when an acid loses a hydrogen ion. Considered a base because it can gain a hydrogen ion to reform the acid.The term conjugate means a pair of things joined together. These two things are exactly the same except for one pair of features that are actually opposite of each other.
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when looking at an element on the periodic table, what number can give you a clue that the element has multiple naturally-occurring isotopes? how do you know?
When we are looking at an element on the periodic table, its mass number helps us determine that the element has multiple naturally-occurring isotopes as the isotopes differ in mass.
Isotopes are those atoms which have the same no. of protons but have different no. of neutrons. Isotopes of a particular element have the same atomic no. but they have different mass numbers. The isotopes of an element are given the same position in the modern periodic table.
The mass number of an element is determined by the total no. or protons and neutrons that are present in its nucleus. For example, there are three isotopes of atom namely protium (¹H), deuterium (²H) and tritium (³H) which differ in the number of neutrons present in the nucleus.
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Find the similarities, differences, and relationships between chemical reactions and nuclear reaction. (At least 2 of each)
The reactants combine to create the final product in both processes. A chemical reaction involves an electron rearrangement rather than the nucleus of an element changing as in a nuclear reaction.
What is the similarities and differences between chemical reactions and nuclear reactions?An atom's nucleus changes during nuclear reactions, typically creating a new element. On the other hand, nuclear modifications do not occur during chemical reactions; rather, only the arrangement of electrons does. The behavior of various isotopes of an element in chemical reactions is typically similar.
In both processes, the reactants unite to produce the end result. While an element's nucleus changes in a nuclear reaction, an electron rearrangement occurs in a chemical reaction.
Outside of the nucleus, chemical reactions typically take place. Only within the nucleus do nuclear reactions occur. When chemical processes take place, elements retain their identity, and atom nuclei likewise do not change. Atomic nuclei totally transform and new elements are created during nuclear processes.
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what is the relationship between electron configuration and the placement of elements on the periodic table
Patterns of electrons and the periodic table. Since the periodic chart lists elements in order of their atomic numbers, it is simple to calculate an element's electron number from its atomic number.
Who or what is an electron?A negatively charged atom known as an electrons can either be free or attached to an atom (not bound). One of the three main types of particles within an atom is an electron that is bonded to it; the other two are protons and neutrons.
What are three electron-related facts?The positively charged particles known as electron revolve around the outside of the nucleus. For scientists, it might be challenging to monitor them because of how quickly they spin. They are drawn to the protons' positive charge. And are the tiniest elements of an atom; a proton has 2000 of them.
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Calculate the number of molecules in 12.3 moles of SO3
Answer:
To calculate the number of molecules in 12.3 moles of SO3, we can use the Avogadro's number, which is the number of atoms or molecules in one mole of a substance. Avogadro's number is approximately 6.022 x 10^23 atoms or molecules per mole.
To calculate the number of molecules in 12.3 moles of SO3, we can multiply Avogadro's number by the number of moles of SO3:
Number of molecules = Avogadro's number x moles of SO3
Number of molecules = 6.022 x 10^23 x 12.3
Number of molecules = 7.34 x 10^24
So there are approximately 7.34 x 10^24 molecules in 12.3 moles of SO3.
in the laboratory, a student dilutes 11.4 ml of a 7.04 m perchloric acid solution to a total volume of 200.0 ml. what is the concentration of the diluted solution?
A student dilutes the 11.4 ml of a 7.04 M perchloric acid solution to the total volume of 200.0 ml. The concentration of the diluted solution is 0.40 M.
The Volume of stock solution, V₁ = 11.4 mL
The Molarity of stock solution, M₁ = 7.04 M
The Volume of diluted solution, V₂ = 200 mL
The molarity of diluted solution, M₂ = ?
The dilution law is given as :
M₁V₁ = M₂V₂
M₂ = M₁ V₁ / V₁
M₂ = ( 7.04 × 11.4 ) / 200
M₂ = 0.40 M
Thus, The molarity of the diluted solution is 0.40 M.
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how do solids, liquids, and gases differ? how do solids, liquids, and gases differ? in solid matter, atoms or molecules pack close to each other but, they are free to move; in liquid matter, atoms or molecules pack about as closely as they do in solid matter, they are also free to move; in gaseous matter, atoms or molecules have a lot of space betwee
Solids, liquids, and gases differ in terms of packaging of the atoms in its constituent atomic level.
Solids, liquids, and gases are the three main states of matter. They differ in the way their atoms or molecules are arranged and how they interact with one another. Solids have a definite shape and a definite volume. The atoms or molecules in a solid are tightly packed together and are not free to move around. Solids also have a low compressibility and a high density. Liquids have a definite volume but no definite shape. They take the shape of their container. The atoms or molecules in a liquid are close together but are free to move around. Liquids have a low compressibility and a lower density than solids. Gases have no definite shape or volume. They expand to fill their container. The atoms or molecules in a gas are widely spaced and are free to move around. Gases have a high compressibility and a low density. Examples of gases include air, oxygen, and natural gas. In summary, Solids have a fixed shape and volume, liquids take the shape of their container, have a definite volume and gases have no fixed shape or volume and expand to fill their container.
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oxidation of citronellol, a constituent of rose and geranium oils, with pcc yields isopulegone. arrange the mechanism in the correct order for the converstion of citronellol to isopulegone.
The oxidation of citronellal to citronellic acid was studied using molecular oxygen as oxidant and gold-containing supported catalysts under aqueous conditions.
What is citronellol?
In skincare, citronellol is prominently used as a fragrance ingredient for cosmetics and personal care products. Research studies show topical application of citronellol possesses low permeability and potency, which demonstrates good skin tolerability.Citronellol is a component of citronella oil; the United States FDA considers both substances GRAS (Generally Recognized as Safe for food use).Citronellol is a volatile fragrance chemical extracted from geranium, rose, and other plants, citronellol has a characteristic grassy, citrus-like scent.Use of citronella oil-based beauty products improves complexion by evening out the skin tone, clear blocked pores, and also reduces various signs of ageing. Owing to the antiseptic nature, the oil also prevents wounds and injuries and facilitates healing.To learn more about citronellol refers to:
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If you walk at a speed of 3 meters per second (m/s), how far will you walk in 11 seconds?
If you answer please show how you did it too because my teacher is very specific on showing our work!!
Answer:
33 m/s.
Explanation:
Since in 1 second, you walk 3 meters so in 11 seconds, you will walk 33 m/s.
1 second = 3 meters.
11 seconds = 11 x 3 m/s = 33 m/s
HOPE YOU UNDERSTAND ITPLS RATE AS BRAINLIEST ANSWER.If you walk at a speed of 3 meters per second (m/s), 33 m/s you walk in 11 seconds. Speed may be described as the distance an item goes with relation to the time something takes to complete the task.
What is speed?The distance that an item travels in relation to the period of time it takes to complete this task may be used to define speed. In other terms, it refers to a measurement of an object's motion's speed without direction Velocities are what we get when speed and direction are combined.
Speed may be described as the distance an item goes with relation to the time something takes to complete the task. To put it differently, it refers to a measurement as to how swiftly something travels. Speed is measured in metres per second, or m/s, since the distance is measured in meters and the time is measured in seconds.
1 second = 3 meters.
11 seconds = 11 x 3 m/s = 33 m/s
Therefore, if you walk at a speed of 3 meters per second (m/s), 33m/s you walk in 11 seconds.
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If 613.28 mL of 2.744 M of aluminum hydroxide reacts with 10.35 g of ammonium persulfate in a chemical reaction. Find the pressure of the gas produced if you managed to collect 1536.70 mL of it at 42.455 °C. Show 2 decimal places.
The pressure of the gas produced is approximately 587.17 kPa.
How to find the pressure of the gasTo solve this problem, we first need to find the amount of gas produced by the reaction of aluminum hydroxide with ammonium persulfate, then use the Ideal Gas Law (PV = nRT) to calculate the pressure.
First, let's find the number of moles of ammonium persulfate by using the molar mass:
10.35 g ÷ (2 * (1 + 32 + 64 + 16)) g/mol = 0.108 mol
Next, let's find the number of moles of aluminum hydroxide:
613.28 mL * 2.744 M = 1692.04 mol
Now, let's assume that the reaction goes to completion and that all the aluminum hydroxide reacts with ammonium persulfate, so the number of moles of gas produced will be equal to the number of moles of ammonium persulfate:
0.108 mol
Finally, we can use the Ideal Gas Law to calculate the pressure:
P = (n * R * T) / V
where n = 0.108 mol, R = 8.31 J/mol K, T = (42.455 + 273.15) K, and V = 1536.70 mL * 10^-3 L
P = (0.108 * 8.31 * (42.455 + 273.15)) / (1536.70 * 10^-3)
P = (0.108 * 8.31 * 315.605) / (1.5367)
P = 905.752 / 1.5367
P = 587.17 kPa
So, the pressure of the gas produced is approximately 587.17 kPa.
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when you boil a pot of liquid water, the water turns to steam and rises in the air. this is an example of
When a pot of liquid water is boiled, the water turns to steam and rises into the air. This is an illustration of a physical change, specifically a phase change.
When water is heated, the energy added to the water causes the water molecules to move faster and overcome the forces holding them together in a liquid state. This causes the water molecules to change into a gaseous state or steam. The water molecules have not formed a new substance, they have simply changed from a liquid to a gas. A physical change is a type of change in which a substance changes form or appearance, but not its chemical composition. Physical changes are generally reversible, meaning that the original substance can be recovered by reversing the process. Examples of physical changes include changes of state (such as melting, freezing, boiling, or condensation), changes in particle size (such as grinding or cutting a solid), and changes in particle shape or arrangement (such as bending or stretching a solid).
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Suppose a gas-filled incandescent light bulb is manufactured so that the gas inside the bulb is at atmospheric pressure when the bulb has a temperature of 20.0∘C. (a) Find the gauge pressure inside such a bulb when it is hot, assuming its average temperature is 60.0∘C (an approximation) and neglecting any change in volume due to thermal expansion or gas leaks. (b) The actual final pressure for the light bulb will be less than calculated in part (a) because the glass bulb will expand. What will the actual final pressure be, taking this into account? Is this a negligible difference?
The gauge pressure inside such a bulb when it is hot is 1.3 x 10⁴. The final actual gauge pressure is 1.14 x 10⁵ Pa
According to Gay-Law, Lussac's pressure and absolute temperature are exactly related for a constant volume. P/T = K, or P alpha T, where K is a constant, and similarly
Consequently, using the gas equation and the supplied values as replacements:
P₁ / T₁ = P₂ / T₂
P₂ = P₁ /T₁ X T₂
P₂ = 1.01 x10⁵/ 293 x 331
P₂ = 1.14 x 10⁵ Pa
Thus,
Pgauge = P₂ - P atm
P gauge = 1.14 x10⁵ - 1.01 x10⁵ = 1.3 x 10⁴
Gauge pressure is the term used to describe the pressure that is measured by atmospheric pressure.
When internal pressure exceeds atmospheric pressure locally, the term "gauge pressure" is used.
As per the given data, we have to determine the final actual gauge pressure.
Initial pressure = Pₐ= atmospheric pressure
Final pressure = P +Pₐ
Final pressure = 1.3 x 10⁴ + 1.01 x10⁵ = 1.14 x 10⁵ Pa
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