2. what trend do you see in the speed of the reaction as you go down the column in a chemical family

Diffusion takes place in the gas phase by the random motion of gas molecules. The thermal motion of gas particles at above absolute zero temperature is called molecular diffusion. Since, molecular diffusion occurs as a result of thermal motion of the molecules, it proceeds at a maximum rate in gases, at a lower rate in liquids, and at a still lower rate in solids.

The diffusion rate can be calculated by t=x²/(2D)

How to calculate the diffusion of gas at a particular distance?

Apply,

time= x²/(2D)

where

D= Diffusion constant = 10 ↑ -9 m²/s

x= distance =15 mm = 15 * 10↑-3 m

then, substitute

t= (15*10↑-3)²/2*10↑-9

=112.5 * 10↑ -3 sec

Thus, Diffusion of gas at a particular distance is

t =3.125* 10↑-5 hours

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500 kJ of heat are created by burning 16.84 grams of ethanol. The standard enthalpy of combustion for ethanol is -1368 kj/mol at 298 k.

Alcohol or fuel: which is ethanol?

A renewable fuel known as "biomass" is used to create ethanol from diverse plant components. Ethanol, often in the form of E10 (10% ethanol, 90% gasoline), is added to more than 98% of gasoline sold in the US in order to oxygenate the fuel and lower air pollution.

Where can you find ethanol?

Corn is the most widely used ingredient in ethanol produced domestically. It can also be produced utilizing cellulosic feedstocks such crop waste and wood, however this is less common. The Midwest region of the United States has a concentration of ethanol facilities since maize production is nearby.

Briefing:

Given the following data:

Standard enthalpy of combustion of ethanol = −1368 kJ/mol.

Temperature = 298 K

By stoichiometry:

1 mole of ethanol = 1368 kJ of heat

X mole of ethanol = 500 kJ

Cross-multiplying, we have:

X = 0.3655 moles

Now, we can determine the mass of ethanol required:

Mass = 16.84 grams

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Orbiting electrons would emit light, The solar system model of the atom describes a situation in which the atom would collapse, Orbiting electrons would accelerate.

The elementary electric charge of the electron (eor -), a subatomic particle, is a negative one. Due to the fact that they are assumed to be elementary particles and lack any known components or substructure, electrons, which are a member of the first generation of the lepton particle family, are classified as such. The mass of an electron is around one-eighth that of a proton.  An intrinsic half-integer value angular momentum (spin) with units of the decreased Planck constant,, is one of the electron's quantum mechanical properties. The characteristics of both waves and elementary particles are shared by electrons. They are susceptible to particle collisions and to light-like diffractive effects. It is simpler to understand the wave characteristics of electrons.

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True. When homogeneous Dirichlet boundary conditions are applied to an interval [a,b], any nonsingular second-order linear ordinary differential equation a(x)u" + 6(x) u' + c(u) u = f(x) is (a) self-adjoint.

Homogeneous often refers to having the same parts or components. Something that is uniform in nature or character throughout is said to be homogeneous. The term "homogeneous" can also apply to a variety of items that are fundamentally the same as one another or fall under the same category.

A homogeneous mixture has a consistent composition across the whole mixture. The salt water in the aforementioned example is homogeneous because the dissolved salt is evenly distributed across the whole salt water sample.

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Thermolysis, photolysis, and electrolysis are three different forms of breakdown reactions. A single source was cooked to yield two or more objects in each instance (decomposition).

Decomposition reactions happen when complex chemical entities split apart into smaller components. Decomposition reactions often demand energy input. For instance, the thermal breakdown of potassium hydroxide (KClO3) is a typical technique used during laboratories to generate oxygen gas.

Below is a typical illustration of a thermal breakdown reaction. Calcite breaks down into calcareous dioxide and atmospheric co2 when heated. The production of quick lime, a crucial component in numerous industries, uses this procedure.

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The correct steps in order from first to last for confirming the presence of lead(ii) ions in a sample is i, iv, ii, vi, viii, iii, vi, v.

The chemical element of lead ion has the atomic number 82 and the letter Pb. It is a hefty metal with a higher density than the majority of everyday materials. Its melting point is rather low, and lead is soft and flexible. lead ion is a lustrous, slightly blue-tinged grey when it is first cut. A sample is a representative piece or one object taken from a bigger whole or group, especially when it is offered for inspection or displayed as proof of quality: specimen. A sample is a selection of individuals, things, or things used in study that is used for measurement out of a wider population. In order to be able to extrapolate the results from the research sample to the entire population, the sample must be representative of the population.

the complete question is:

place the steps in order from first to last for confirming the presence of lead(ii) ions in a sample.

i) The formation of a white and black precipitate confirms the presence of lead(II).

ii) Decant the liquid above the white precipitate and add hot water to the white precipitate.

iii) Decant the liquid and add K, CrO, to the liquid.

iv) Add HCI to the sample.

v) The formation of a yellow precipitate confirms the presence of lead(II).

vi) Decant the liquid and add HNO, to the liquid.

vi) Decant the liquid and add NH, to the white precipitate.

viii) The formation of a white solid confirms the presence of lead(II).

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The mole fraction of ethanol C₂H₅OH in an aqueous solution that is 46 percent ethanol by mass is 0.25.

Given that :

ethanol by mass is 46 % = 46 g

mass of water = 54 g

the moles of the ethanol, C₂H₅OH = mass / molar mass

                                                         = 46 / 46

                                                          = 1 mol

the moles of the water , H₂O = mass / molar mass

                                                = 54 / 18

                                                = 3 mol

the total moles = 1 + 3 = 4 mol

The mole fraction of ethanol , C₂H₅OH = moles / total moles

                                                                 = 1 / 4

                                                                 = 0.25

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The volume of a 0.425M NaOH solution that is needed to neutralize 80.0 ml of a 0.176M solution of sulfuric acid is 33.13mL.

The volume of a substance can be calculated using the following expression:

CaVa = CbVb

Where;

According to this question, 0.425M NaOH solution is needed to neutralize 80.0 ml of a 0.176M solution of sulfuric acid. The volume needed can be calculated as follows:

0.425 × Va = 80 × 0.176

0.425Va = 14.08

Va = 33.13mL

Therefore, 33.13mL is the volume of the solution.

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Answer:

Cobalt;nitrite

Explanation: there is none that is the compound

Answer:

CoNO2 is an ionic compound and is composed of cobalt cation (having +2 valency) and nitrite anion.

Explanation:

The chemical formula of cobalt cation is Co2+ and the formula of nitrite ion is NO−2 . When writing the name of an ionic compound, the name of the cation is written first and then the name of the anion. So, the name of CoNO2 is Cobalt (II) Nitrite.

Answer:

The forces involved in a collision are equal in size and directed in the opposite direction, and they accelerate both objects. Each object accelerates equally in collisions with things of equal mass.

Explanation:

Answer:

During freezing, the temperature of a substance remains constant while the particles in the liquid form a crystalline solid.

Explanation:

In 3.75 hours a current of 2.32 amps be passed to produce 10.3 g of copper metal from a solution of aqueous copper(ii) chloride.

According to Faraday's first law, the amount of chemical reaction that takes place at any electrode during electrolysis is proportional to the amount of electricity that is passed through the electrolyte.

According to Faraday's first law-

w= zit

w= (E/F) it

w- weight of copper , which is 10.3 grams according to the given question.

i- current = 2.32 ampere

t- time =?

E- equivalent weight of copper = atomic weight/ charge

⇒ 63.5/ 2 = 31.7 g.

F- Faradays constant= 96500C

∴10.3 = (31.7/96500) x 2.32 x t

⇒ t= 13517 sec

⇒t= 13517 / 60x60

∴t= 3.75 hours

Hence, In 3.75 hours a current of 2.32 amps be passed to produce 10.3 g of copper metal from a solution of aqueous copper(ii) chloride.

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Answer:

The process of turning from liquid into vapor.

Explanation:

The dense mixture of liquid and solid utilized to create the chromatography column uses stationary phase and mobile phase. Silica gel is the most widely used stationary phase for column chromatography.

For the separation of complicated combinations of amino acids, peptides, carbohydrates, steroids, purines, and a lengthy list of simple chemical compounds, paper chromatography has evolved into a common procedure. On paper, inorganic ions can also be easily separated. Thin-layer chromatography is compared.

A separation method used to separate soluble mixtures is chromatography. A mixture is mixed in a solvent and poured down a column that is filled with a solid substance in column chromatography.

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Whipped cream is characterized as per it's characteristic and properties are based on  physical and chemical   :- Colloid  each mixture as a solution, colloid, suspension.

Creme or whipped cream Desserts and beverages frequently use chantilly as a garnish. The following desserts frequently use whipped cream as a spread or topping: Pies (particularly pumpkin pies and chocolate pies) (especially pumpkin pies and chocolate pies) an ice cream (especially ice cream sundaes) In a solid, liquid, or gaseous media, one or more components are distributed as relatively large solid particles or liquid droplets to form a mixture known as a colloid mixture. A colloid's particles are frequently electrically charged, remain scattered, and do not settle as a result of gravity.

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The concentration of the original hbr solution is 0.147m.

How do you make HBr solution?

Distillation of a solution of sodium bromide or potassium bromide with phosphoric acid or sulfuric acid yields HBr: KBr + H2SO4 KHSO4 + HBr Because it oxidises HBr to bromine, concentrated sulfuric acid is less effective: 2 HBr + H2SO4 + 2 H2O Br2 + SO2 + 2 H2O

2Hbr + sr(oh)₂ --> srbrc + 2h₂0

25ml     16.8 ml

xm         0.105 m

for complete neutralization

Moles of Hbr =2× moles of sr(oh)₂

xm × 25ml = 2 ×  16.8 ml ×  0.105 m

x = 0.147m

Hence 0.147m is a correct answer.

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Answer:hydrogen ion concentration.

Explanation:

In a titration of 35.00 mL of 0.737 M H₂SO₄, 62.4 mL of a 0.827 M KOH solution is required for neutralization.

The interaction of H+ ions and OH- ions produces water in a neutralization reaction, which occurs when an acid and a base react to form water and salt. A pH of 7 results from the neutralization of a potent acid and a potent base.

Calculation:

The balanced reaction is

H₂SO₄  +  2 KOH  ⇒  2 H₂O  +  K₂SO₄

The molarity M is the number of moles of solute that are dissolved in a given volume, expressed as:

number of moles =  molarity × volume

For  H₂SO₄

35.00 mL= 0.035 L (being 1,000 mL= 1 L)

Molarity=  0.737 M

Then,

number of moles= 0.737 M × 0.035 L

number of moles= 0.0258

So you must neutralize 0.0258 moles of H₂SO₄. Now you can apply the following rule of three: if by stoichiometry 1 mole of H₂SO₄ is neutralized with 2 moles of KOH, 0.0258 moles of H₂SO₄ are neutralized with moles of KOH =?

moles of KOH = 0.0516,

Then 0.0516 moles of KOH are needed.

Molarity= 0.827 M

number of moles= 0.0516

volume=?

Replacing in the definition of molarity: 0.827M = 0.0516 moles/ volume.

= 0.0516moles/0.827M = volume

volume = 0.0624 L= 62.4 mL.

Hence, 62.4 mL of a 0.827 m KOH solution is required for neutralization.

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[tex]CaCl_{2}[/tex] is the substance that one would anticipate lowering water's freezing point the most.

This makes use of the freezing point depression theory. When dealing with this problem, we employ the equation shown below:

T = iKfm, which is rendered as follows in English:

Vant Hoff factor times molal freezing point depression constant * Solution molality equals the change in freezing point.

The quantity of molecules, not their composition, determines the freezing point depression because it is a colligative feature.

Now that we are certain that Kf and molality will remain constant, the Van't Hoff factor, also known as "i" is our sole remaining unknown.

The number of atoms that separate from each particular molecule is known as the Van't Hoff factor. The freezing point will be more depressed the greater the Van't Hoff factor.

NaCl will dissociate into Na+ and Cl-, therefore it has I = 2 CaCl2 will dissociate into Ca2+ and 2 Cl-, so it has I = 3. Sugar (C12H22O11) has I = 1.

Choice B is the appropriate response as a result.

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According to the provided voltaic cell equation, it is untrue that the al electrode serves as the anode.

An electrode is a conductor of electricity used to make electrical contact with a nonmetallic component of a circuit. Depending on the type of battery, electrodes can be made of a range of materials and are a vital component. A conductor used to make electrical contact with a circuit's nonmetallic components is called an electrode. Common applications for electrodes include electrochemical cells, semiconductors like diodes, and medical equipment.

The voltaic cell, which bears the names of scientists Luigi Galvani and Alessandro Volta, is an electrochemical device that produces an electric current through uninhibited oxidation-reduction reactions. A voltaic cell is an electrochemical device that harnesses the power of a chemical process to generate electricity. the essential elements of a solar cell.

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It always takes specific quantity of energy to remove only 1 electron from an atom.

Electron is a stable sub atomic particle with a charge of negetive electricity found in all atoms and acting as the primary Carrier of electricity in solid.

Sol-This is shown by the equation where this is  the orbit of the electron around a proton is equal to the quantum. The quantities by energy level, times by wavelength. So this is this equation and then abruptly hypothesis in links quantities. Energy states with a standing wave function so as that the energy of the election on increases its orbit must also increase. And as it is considering the wavelength, we're assuming statnon is constant. It's not to the changing and two pies just by a constant.

As the energy or quantifies energy level of an electron increases the  its radius around the nucleus must increase. Also, if its energy level of the decreases, its radius must also decrease. So this is the hypothesis ties together quantities, energy levels and the relationship and its relationship by it with the size of the circumference of around it. A nucleus which is also to  the Electron.

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1s22s22p63s23p4 What would the entire electron configuration of the ar2 ion be if ar lost 2 electrons?

A noble gas element is argon. As a result of having a fully charged outer shell, argon is extremely stable. The outer shell of argon would be incomplete if it were to give or receive one electron. Argon is already stable, therefore it neither gains nor loses electrons.

Argonium. A proton and an argon atom are combined to form the ion argonium (ArH+). The amount of molecular hydrogen H2 is between 0.0001 and 0.001 percent in diffuse atomic hydrogen gas in interstellar space, where it can be discovered.

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Gustatory receptors are touchy to dissolved chemical substances however insensitive to mild. this is due to receptor fields.

The receptive area of a somatic sensory neuron is the vicinity of the skin within which a tactile stimulus evokes a sensory response in the cellular or its axon

The receptive subject (RF) of a neuron refers to the attributes of a visual stimulus that generates a reaction in that cell, and commonly includes an outline of visual field area and desire for other precise capabilities, which includes desired orientation or course of visual stimuli.

For instance, the complete place that a watch can see is called the visual view, and the patch of the field of vision that any single neuron video display units is that cell's receptive subject.

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45 grams are equal to the mass of the solution multiplied by 100, or the mass of NaCl. We can sell them for 295.0 grams times 100 points and receive 15.25 percent of the sale price. The result is that the concentration of NaCl in the solution, which is 8 percent, is 15.25 percent.

You will have 25 g of solute in 100 g of solution since you have 50 g in 200 g of solution. According to the definition given above, this solution is 25% by mass.

One of three methods can be used to calculate this percentage: either the volume of the solute divided by the volume of the solution, the mass of the solute divided by the volume of the solution, or any combination of this solution.

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The number of moles of carbon dioxide produced by the reaction of 0.085 moles of oxygen is 0.1 moles.

Solution:

2C₈H₁₈ + 25O₂ → 16CO₂ + 18H₂O

25 moles of O₂ reacted to produce 16 moles of CO₂.

Therefore,

0.085 mole of O₂ will react to produce = [tex]\frac{0.085*16}{25}[/tex] = 0.1 mole of CO₂.

Thus, the number of moles of CO₂ produced from the reaction is 0.1 mole.

When liquid octane is burned in the air it reacts with oxygen gas to produce carbon dioxide gas and water vapor. When octane burns in the air it chemically reacts with oxygen gas to produce carbon dioxide and water.

Combustion reactions of hydrocarbons release thermal energy and are an example of exothermic reactions. Gasoline burns and reacts with oxygen in the atmosphere to produce light and heat, converting carbon-based molecules into carbon dioxide gas and water vapor.

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48.90% yield is produced in the given reaction

What is yield of a reaction?

The quantity of moles of a product created in relation to the amount of reactant consumed during a chemical reaction is measured in chemistry as yield, also known as reaction yield.

One of the most important aspects of organic and inorganic chemical synthesis that researchers must take into account is yield.  The terms "yield," "conversion," and "selectivity" are used in chemical reaction engineering to describe ratios of how much of a reactant was consumed (conversion), how much of the desired product was formed (yield), and how much of the undesired product was formed (selectivity), represented as X, Y, and S.

Hence, 48.90% yield is produced in the given reaction.

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Neon has more valence electrons than does core electrons. The core electrons of neon are 2 and valence electrons are 8.

10 electrons make up neon, with 2 in the outermost shell and 8 in the outermost shell (so eight valence electrons)

With a total of 10 electrons, neon is the tenth element. The initial two electrons in the electron configuration for neon will be in the 1s orbital. The following two electrons for Ne enter the 2s orbital since 1s can only hold two electrons. Six additional electrons will enter the 2p orbital. The Ne electron configuration will be 1s22s22p6 as a result.

Because there are eight electrons in the second energy level (2s22p6) Neon has a full outer shell and an octet. Therefore, it is a Nobel Gas.

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The following isomers is expected to undergo an SN2 reaction most rapidly upon treatment with NaOH is primary alkyl halide.

The SN2 reaction is the bimolecular reaction. the primary alkyl halides undergoes SN2 reaction than the secondary alkyl halide and the tertiary alkyl halide. the reason is because of  the less steric hindrance experienced by the nucleophile that is approaching to word compound. the secondary and the tertiary alkyl halides are slower than the primary one. the secondary alkyl halide and the tertiary alkyl halide experienced more steric hindrance as compared to the primary alkyl halide.

Thus, the primary alkyl halide under goes more readily an SN2 reaction.

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The volume required for titration of NaOH is 0.000837ml.

Given -M=94g

m=0.223g

V=0.353

To find the new volume consider following points -

Calculations-

[tex]MV=mv\\\\94V=0.223 *0.353\\\\V=\frac{0.223 *0.353}{94} ml\\\\V=0.000837ml[/tex]

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