When 1,1-dibromo-4-methylhexane is treated first with excess sodium amide and quenched with water will give 1-bromo-4-methylhexane as the final product. This reaction is a reductive amination.
Here the sodium amide acts as a reducing agent to convert the C=C double bond into a C-C single bond and the nitrogen atom acts as a nucleophile to displace the bromine atom. The catalytic hydrogenation is then used to reduce the remaining C-Br bond to a C-H bond, which results in 1-bromo-4-methylhexane.
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What is the half-life for a first-order reaction that has a rate constant of 2. 3 x 10^-4s^-1
A. 3,013 seconds
B. 0. 00033 seconds
C. 0. 00016 seconds
D. 2,300 seconds
A. 3,013 seconds is the half-life for a first-order reaction that has a rate constant of 2. 3 x 10^-4s^-1
A reaction's half-life is the amount of time needed for the reactant concentration to drop to half its initial value. The concentration of the reactant has no bearing on the half-life of a first-order reaction. It is a constant and connected to the reaction's rate constant: t1/2 = 0.693/k. The phrase is frequently used in nuclear physics to refer to how long stable atoms last or how quickly unstable atoms decay radioactively.
half life (t1/2) = 0.693/ k
rate constant= 2.3*10-4
t1/2 = 0.693/2.3*10-4
t1/2= 3013 seconds
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what are some posible benefits of creating synthetic materials from natural resources ? what might be some drawbacks?
The benefits of synthetics are numerous; they have properties not found in nature, allowing us to make things stronger, lighter, more fuel-efficient, shiner, and longer lasting. At the same time, we contribute to global pollution, have an impact on animal and human health, and require energy to produce.
What are the advantages and disadvantages of synthetic materials?The majority of synthetic fibers are pliable. Most synthetic fiber fabrics do not wrinkle easily.
Fabrics made of synthetic fibers are typically more durable, less expensive, and more widely available than natural fiber fabrics. The majority of synthetic fibers can withstand heavy loads without breaking.
Thus, The benefits of synthetics are numerous; they have properties not found in nature, allowing us to make things stronger, lighter, more fuel-efficient, shiner, and longer lasting.
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what is the relationship between electron configuration and the placement of elements on the periodic table
Patterns of electrons and the periodic table. Since the periodic chart lists elements in order of their atomic numbers, it is simple to calculate an element's electron number from its atomic number.
Who or what is an electron?A negatively charged atom known as an electrons can either be free or attached to an atom (not bound). One of the three main types of particles within an atom is an electron that is bonded to it; the other two are protons and neutrons.
What are three electron-related facts?The positively charged particles known as electron revolve around the outside of the nucleus. For scientists, it might be challenging to monitor them because of how quickly they spin. They are drawn to the protons' positive charge. And are the tiniest elements of an atom; a proton has 2000 of them.
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g a 0.1599 gram sample containing an unknown amount of chloride is titrated with a 0.7890 m silver nitrate solution. 30.83 ml of the silver nitrate solution was required to reach the end point of the titration. what is the mass percent of chloride in the original sample?
To determine the mass percent of chloride in the original sample, we need to first calculate the amount of chloride present in the sample. We can do this by using the balanced equation for the reaction between chloride and silver nitrate:
AgNO3 + Cl- → AgCl + NO3-
First, we need to calculate the number of moles of silver nitrate used in the titration:
moles of AgNO3 = volume (L) x molarity (M) = 0.03083 L x 0.7890 M = 0.02439 moles
Next, we can use the balanced equation to find the number of moles of chloride:
moles of Cl- = moles of AgNO3 = 0.02439 moles
Finally, we can use the number of moles of chloride to calculate the mass of chloride in the sample:
mass of Cl- = moles of Cl- x molar mass of Cl- = 0.02439 moles x 35.5 g/mol = 0.868 g
To find the mass percent of chloride in the original sample, we divide the mass of chloride by the total mass of the sample and multiply by 100%.
mass percent of Cl- = (mass of Cl- / total mass of sample) x 100%
Since we don't know the total mass of the sample, we can use the mass of chloride we just calculated and the formula above to find the mass percent of chloride in the original sample.
mass percent of Cl- = (0.868 g / 0.1599 g) x 100% = 54.3%
So, the mass percent of chloride in the original sample is 54.3%.
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PLEASE HELP
Look at the chemical reaction between vinegar and baking soda
C₂H₂O₂
acetic acid
+
NaHCO,
sodium bicarbonate
NaC,H,O,
sodium acetate
1. What are the reactants in the reaction?
2. What are the products in the reaction?
H₂O
water
The reactants in the reaction between vinegar and baking soda are acetic acid (C₂H₂O₂) and sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO₃).
A metathesis reaction
Reactants: acetic acid (C2H2O2) and sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3)Products: sodium acetate (NaC2H3O2) and water (H2O)Acetic acid is the main component of vinegar, and sodium bicarbonate is the main component of baking soda. The products in the reaction are carbon dioxide (CO₂), water (H₂O), and sodium acetate (NaC₂H₃O₂). Carbon dioxide is produced when the acetic acid reacts with sodium bicarbonate, and it is released in the form of bubbles.Water is a byproduct of the reaction, and sodium acetate is produced when the acetic acid is neutralized by the sodium bicarbonate. Overall, the reaction between vinegar and baking soda is an acid-base reaction, which produces carbon dioxide, water, and sodium acetate.The reaction is a great example of how a simple combination of two household ingredients can create something amazing.To learn more about a metathesis reaction refer to:
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what best describes an aqueous solution of potassium chloride (kcl when dissolved in water becomes k and cl-)
The ions are hydrated as potassium chloride (KCl) dissolves in water. The charges on the K⁺ and Cl⁻ ions draw the polar water molecules to them.
Aqueous or molten electrolytes are available. Compounds must be dissolved in water or melted to form a liquid before electrolysis can take place. This implies that when a current is applied, the ions are free to move around.
Water is present in aqueous electrolytes. The solution formed when a chemical dissolves in water contains water. This proves that the solution contains both the ionic component and water molecules.
Ions separate out of water. The two ions that can form from water molecules are hydrogen ions (H⁺) and hydroxide ions (OH⁻). They combine to form water molecules or H₂O.
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32. A geologist studies the side of a mountain with many layers of Earth exposed. The geologist wants to know more about when a particular layer of sandstone formed. Which observation would best help determine the age of the sandstone layer? a. The width of the layer of sediment b. The type of fossils in the sediment c. The amount of moisture in the sediment d. The color of the minerals in the sediment
The sandstone is younger if the granite contains sandstone inclusions. The sandstone is younger if it shows evidence of contact metamorphism.
Explain about the geologist?Geologists are scientists that research the Earth's processes, materials, history, and natural features. There are other subcategories of geologists, including economic geologists who search for and exploit the planet's resources and environmental geologists who research how humans interact with the natural world.
Geologists examine the Earth's components, operations, byproducts, physical characteristics, and past. In connection to the geologic, climatic, and human processes that shape them, geomorphologists study the landforms and landscapes of the planet.
Those who study the Earth's surface and the materials that make it up are known as geologists. Geology, or the study of rocks, is the name of this field of study.
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Copy and complete this concept map.
a. Gases have particles that move rapidly in all directions, frequently colliding with each other and the side of the container resulting in no definite shape or volume.
b. Liquids have particles can move around one another resulting in the particles being strong enough to hold a specific volume.
c. Solids have particles vibrate around fixed positions resulting in the particles vibrate faster and faster until they have enough energy to break away from their fixed positions.
What are particles?A particle is described as a small localized object which can be described by several physical or chemical properties, such as volume, density, or mass.
In conclusion, the particles in solids are very close together, therefore they cannot usually be compressed or squashed.
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percent yield is a measure of how efficient a reaction process is in experimentation compared to theoretical calculations. percent yield is calculated by dividing the actual yield by the theoretical yield, then multiplying by 100. if the percent yield of a particular reaction is 30.9 %, what is the actual yield, in grams, if the theoretical yield is calculated to be 4.39 g?
Percent yield is the percent ratio of actual yield to the theoretical yield. It is calculated to be the experimental yield divided by theoretical yield multiplied by 100%
what is theoretical yield?
Multiply the ratio by the amount of the limiting reactant in moles. The theoretical yield of the desired product in moles is the answer.This is called the theoretical yield, the maximum amount of product that could be formed from the given amounts of reactants. The actual yield is the amount of product that is actually formed when the reaction is carried out in the laboratory.It is the amount of product resulting from a perfect (theoretical) chemical reaction, and thus not the same as the amount you'll actually get from a reaction in the lab. Theoretical yield is commonly expressed in terms of grams or moles.To learn more about theoretical yield refers to;
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help pls
Calculate the volume in mL of a 1.420 M NaOH solution required to titrate the following solutions:
(a) 25.00 mL of a 2.430 M HCI solution
(b) 25.00 mL of a 4.500 M H2SO4 solution
(c) 25.00 mL of a 1.500 M H3PO4 solution
(a) 25.00 mL of a 2.430 M HCI solution:
Moles of HCI = (2.430 M)(0.0250 L) = 0.06075 mol
Moles of NaOH = Moles of HCI = 0.06075 mol
Volume of NaOH = (0.06075 mol NaOH)/(1.420 M NaOH) = 0.0429 L = 42.9 mL
(b) 25.00 mL of a 4.500 M H2SO4 solution:
Moles of H2SO4 = (4.500 M)(0.0250 L) = 0.1125 mol
Moles of NaOH = Moles of H2SO4 = 0.1125 mol
Volume of NaOH = (0.1125 mol NaOH)/(1.420 M NaOH) = 0.0791 L = 79.1 mL
(c) 25.00 mL of a 1.500 M H3PO4 solution:
Moles of H3PO4 = (1.500 M)(0.0250 L) = 0.0375 mol
Moles of NaOH = Moles of H3PO4 = 0.0375 mol
Volume of NaOH = (0.0375 mol NaOH)/(1.420 M NaOH) = 0.0264 L = 26.4 mL
What is moles?
Moles in chemistry is a unit of measurement used to quantify the amount of a substance. It is based on the number of atoms, molecules, or other particles present in a given sample.
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carbon-14 has a half-life of 5,730 years. the sample weighs 120 grams. a. how many years would it take for three-quarters of the original amount of carbon-14 in the sample to become stable?
Carbon-14 has a half-life of 5,730 years, So:
2 x 5,730 years = 11,460 years.
So it would take 11,460 years for three-quarters of the original amount of carbon-14 in the sample to become stable.
What do you mean by half-life?The half-life of a radioactive isotope is the time it takes for half of the original amount of the isotope to become stable. Therefore, the time it takes for three-quarters of the original amount of the isotope to become stable is twice the half-life, since half-life is the time for half to decay.
What are two main properties of carbon?Catenation which means self linking of carbon atoms to form long chains and Tetravalency are the two properties of carbon. This might lead to the formation of a large number of carbon compounds.
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Copy and complete this concept map
An effective technique to show the connections between various concepts, ideas, and pieces of knowledge is through the use of concept maps.
Concept maps – what are they?Visual displays of information are called concept maps. They can be shown as graphs, tables, timelines, Venn Diagrams, flowcharts, or T-charts. Any type of learner can benefit from concept maps, but those who learn best visually will find them to be especially helpful.An effective technique to show the connections between various concepts, ideas, and pieces of knowledge is through the use of concept maps. One major idea or focus question is presented in a hierarchy along with multiple related ideas, important concepts, and subtopics in concept maps. Concept maps and mind maps are not the same, despite the fact that they resemble one another.To learn more about concept maps refer to:
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Which of the following represents a cesium ion?? A. Cs2+ B. Cs+ C. Cs- D. Cs2-
Answer:
The correct answer is B. Cs+ represents a cesium ion.
Molybdenum can form a wide series of halide compounds, including four different fluoride compounds. the percent by mass of molybdenum in the four compounds is 63.0%, 56.0%, 50.0%, and 46.0%. determine the formula and name for each of the four different molybdenum fluorides.
Answer: 215.0%
Explanation:
in the laboratory, a student dilutes 11.4 ml of a 7.04 m perchloric acid solution to a total volume of 200.0 ml. what is the concentration of the diluted solution?
A student dilutes the 11.4 ml of a 7.04 M perchloric acid solution to the total volume of 200.0 ml. The concentration of the diluted solution is 0.40 M.
The Volume of stock solution, V₁ = 11.4 mL
The Molarity of stock solution, M₁ = 7.04 M
The Volume of diluted solution, V₂ = 200 mL
The molarity of diluted solution, M₂ = ?
The dilution law is given as :
M₁V₁ = M₂V₂
M₂ = M₁ V₁ / V₁
M₂ = ( 7.04 × 11.4 ) / 200
M₂ = 0.40 M
Thus, The molarity of the diluted solution is 0.40 M.
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a sample of metal has a mass of 17.08 g, and a volume of 7.34 ml. what is the density of this metal?
The density of this metal sample is 2.32 g/mL.
To calculate the density of a sample of metal, we divide the mass of the sample by its volume. The density of an object is usually measured in g/cm³ (grams per cubic centimeter) or g/mL (grams per milliliter).
The formula for density is:
density = mass / volume
In this case, the mass of the metal is 17.08 g and its volume is 7.34 ml.
So we can calculate density by substituting these values into the formula:
density = 17.08 g / 7.34 ml = 2.32 g/mL
So, the density of this metal sample is 2.32 g/mL.
It's important to note that density of a metal is a characteristic property, so it can be used to identify a metal.
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If you walk at a speed of 3 meters per second (m/s), how far will you walk in 11 seconds?
If you answer please show how you did it too because my teacher is very specific on showing our work!!
Answer:
33 m/s.
Explanation:
Since in 1 second, you walk 3 meters so in 11 seconds, you will walk 33 m/s.
1 second = 3 meters.
11 seconds = 11 x 3 m/s = 33 m/s
HOPE YOU UNDERSTAND ITPLS RATE AS BRAINLIEST ANSWER.If you walk at a speed of 3 meters per second (m/s), 33 m/s you walk in 11 seconds. Speed may be described as the distance an item goes with relation to the time something takes to complete the task.
What is speed?The distance that an item travels in relation to the period of time it takes to complete this task may be used to define speed. In other terms, it refers to a measurement of an object's motion's speed without direction Velocities are what we get when speed and direction are combined.
Speed may be described as the distance an item goes with relation to the time something takes to complete the task. To put it differently, it refers to a measurement as to how swiftly something travels. Speed is measured in metres per second, or m/s, since the distance is measured in meters and the time is measured in seconds.
1 second = 3 meters.
11 seconds = 11 x 3 m/s = 33 m/s
Therefore, if you walk at a speed of 3 meters per second (m/s), 33m/s you walk in 11 seconds.
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what material is used to make a saucepan lid and why?
Answer:
Lids can be made of the same material as the pan or glass. Glass lids are made of tempered (strengthened) glass. A glass lid lets the cook watch the food cooking and usually has a reinforcing stainless steel rim.
Answer: These are most commonly made out of stainless steel or polycarbonate, as these materials can withstand a wider range of temperatures, but polypropylene and polyethylene lids are also available
Explanation:
oxidation of citronellol, a constituent of rose and geranium oils, with pcc yields isopulegone. arrange the mechanism in the correct order for the converstion of citronellol to isopulegone.
The oxidation of citronellal to citronellic acid was studied using molecular oxygen as oxidant and gold-containing supported catalysts under aqueous conditions.
What is citronellol?
In skincare, citronellol is prominently used as a fragrance ingredient for cosmetics and personal care products. Research studies show topical application of citronellol possesses low permeability and potency, which demonstrates good skin tolerability.Citronellol is a component of citronella oil; the United States FDA considers both substances GRAS (Generally Recognized as Safe for food use).Citronellol is a volatile fragrance chemical extracted from geranium, rose, and other plants, citronellol has a characteristic grassy, citrus-like scent.Use of citronella oil-based beauty products improves complexion by evening out the skin tone, clear blocked pores, and also reduces various signs of ageing. Owing to the antiseptic nature, the oil also prevents wounds and injuries and facilitates healing.To learn more about citronellol refers to:
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When 2.25 g of Sodium Chloride reacts with excess Silver Nitrate, 3.45 g of precipitate is formed (Which is Silver Chloride). What is the percent of yield?
Taking into account definition of percent yield, when 2.25 g of Sodium Chloride reacts with excess Silver Nitrate, 3.45 g of precipitate is formed and the percent yield is 62.5%.
Reaction stoichiometryIn first place, the balanced reaction is:
NaCl + AgNO₃ → NaNO₃ + AgCl
By reaction stoichiometry, the following amounts of moles of each compound participate in the reaction:
NaCl: 1 moleAgNO₃: 1 moleNaNO₃: 1 moleAgCl: 1 moleThe molar mass of the compounds is:
NaCl: 58.45 g/moleAgNO₃: 169.87 g/moleNaNO₃: 85 g/moleAgCl: 143.32 g/moleBy reaction stoichiometry, the following mass quantities of each compound participate in the reaction:
NaCl: 1 mole ×58.45 g/mole= 58.45 gramsAgNO₃: 1 mole ×169.87 g/mole= 169.87 gramsNaNO₃: 1 mole ×85 g/mole= 85 gramsAgCl: 1 mole ×143.32 g/mole= 143.32 gramsDefinition of theoretical yieldThe theoretical yield of a reaction is the amount of product that would be expected to be obtained from a reaction taking into account the ideal stoichiometry, ignoring side reactions, reversibility, losses, etc.
Theoretical yield of AgClThe following rule of three can be applied: if by reaction stoichiometry 58.45 grams of NaCl form 143.32 grams of AgCl, 2.25 grams of NaCl form how much mass of AgCl?
mass of AgCl= (2.25 grams of NaCl× 143.32 grams of AgCl)÷ 58.45 grams of NaCl
mass of AgCl= 5.52 grams
Then, the theoretical yield of AgCl is 5.52 grams.
Definition of percent yieldThe percent yield is the ratio of the actual return to the theoretical return expressed as a percentage and it is calculated as the experimental yield divided by the theoretical yield multiplied by 100%:
percent yield= (actual yield÷ theoretical yield)× 100%
Percent yield for the reaction in this caseIn this case, you know:
actual yield= 3.45 gramstheorical yield= 5.52 gramsReplacing in the definition of percent yield:
percent yield= (3.45 grams÷ 5.52 grams)× 100%
Solving:
percent yield= 62.5%
Finally, the percent yield for the reaction is 62.5%.
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liverworts are non vascular plants in what type of place do they grow?
Answer:
Worldwide in damp places
Explanation:
Liverworts, like mosses and ferns, usually occur in moist or wet, cool, shady places such as along stream banks, on the terraces above streams, cool valleys
Fill in the words to complete each step in liquid spill cleanup. 1.Surround the area with _____, then cover the spill. 2. Scoop up the material and place in a _____.
the complete statement in liquid spill cleanup is 1- Surround the area with barriers, then cover the spill. 2- Scoop up the material and place it in a container.
steps for liquid spill cleanup are:
Identify and assess the type of liquid spilled.
Put on appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE)
Alert others in the area and evacuate if necessary.
Surround the area with barriers, such as caution tape or cones, to prevent anyone from entering the area.
Use absorbent materials, such as sand, clay, or kitty litter, to cover the spill and contain it.
Scoop up the material and place it in a container for proper disposal.
Clean the area with a neutralizing agent if necessary.
Dispose of the waste in accordance with local and federal regulations.
Check for any remaining traces of the spill and clean if necessary.
Document the incident and make sure it is properly reported if required by regulations.
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when you boil a pot of liquid water, the water turns to steam and rises in the air. this is an example of
When a pot of liquid water is boiled, the water turns to steam and rises into the air. This is an illustration of a physical change, specifically a phase change.
When water is heated, the energy added to the water causes the water molecules to move faster and overcome the forces holding them together in a liquid state. This causes the water molecules to change into a gaseous state or steam. The water molecules have not formed a new substance, they have simply changed from a liquid to a gas. A physical change is a type of change in which a substance changes form or appearance, but not its chemical composition. Physical changes are generally reversible, meaning that the original substance can be recovered by reversing the process. Examples of physical changes include changes of state (such as melting, freezing, boiling, or condensation), changes in particle size (such as grinding or cutting a solid), and changes in particle shape or arrangement (such as bending or stretching a solid).
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the tarnish that forms on objects made of silver is solid silver sulfide; it can be removed by reacting it with aluminum metal to produce silver metal and solid aluminum sulfide. how many moles of silver are made if you react 6 moles of aluminum with 4 moles of silver sulfide? hint: write a balanced chemical equation first.
The balanced chemical formula for the reaction of silver sulphide and aluminium is
3Al + 4Ag2S 6Ag + Al2S3.
The balanced equation's stoichiometry can be used to calculate how many moles of silver were produced during the reaction. In other words, for every 4 moles of silver sulphide, 6 moles of silver are produced due to the silver's 4/4 coefficient on the reactant side and 6/6 coefficient on the product side.
The number of moles of silver produced by the reaction of 6 moles of aluminium and 4 moles of silver sulphide is 6. The balanced equation's stoichiometry, which states that 4 moles of silver sulphide result in the production of 6 moles of silver, can be used to determine this.
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absorption of uv light in the ozone layer causes the dissociation of oxygen and ozone. which requires longer wavelength to dissociate
The dissociation of ozone layer requires longer wavelength to dissociate.
The absorption of ultraviolet (UV) light by the ozone layer is a vital part of the Earth's atmosphere, as it helps to protect our planet from the harmful rays of the sun. When UV light is absorbed by the ozone layer, it causes the dissociation of oxygen and ozone molecules.
To achieve this process, longer wavelengths of UV light are required. This is due to the fact that UV light of longer wavelengths has more energy, which is needed to break apart the molecules.
The result of this process is that the ozone layer is able to absorb more of the harmful UV radiation and protect the Earth.
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Calculate the number of molecules in 12.3 moles of SO3
Answer:
To calculate the number of molecules in 12.3 moles of SO3, we can use the Avogadro's number, which is the number of atoms or molecules in one mole of a substance. Avogadro's number is approximately 6.022 x 10^23 atoms or molecules per mole.
To calculate the number of molecules in 12.3 moles of SO3, we can multiply Avogadro's number by the number of moles of SO3:
Number of molecules = Avogadro's number x moles of SO3
Number of molecules = 6.022 x 10^23 x 12.3
Number of molecules = 7.34 x 10^24
So there are approximately 7.34 x 10^24 molecules in 12.3 moles of SO3.
if dry ice is compressed at a temperature below its triple point, will it melt? if not, what happens?
The triple point was also the lowest pressure where a liquid phase can coexist with a solid as well as vapor. At pressures just under 0.00604 abm, ice somehow doesn't melt to a liquid when it warms; instead, the solid sublimes straight to water vapor.
Unlike other solids, it cannot melt and instead transforms immediately into a gas. This is known as sublimation. Dry ice has a temperature of roughly -109° F! It melts quickly, so if you require dry ice for such an experimental business project, buy that as near to the time as feasible.
Any dry ice held in a closed container might pressurize the container due to the quick emission of huge amounts of CO2 gas. If the gas remains unable to escape for an extended period of time at normal room temperature, any such container could explode.
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If you answered yes to the previous question, enter the amount of energy absorbed or released by reaction (2):
The energy released when adding an electron is the energy released in the atomization reaction. This energy is called electron affinity. The electron affinity of Si is 133.6 KJ/mol.
What is electron affinity ?Electron affinity of an atom is its tendency to capture an electron from other atoms towards its nucleus. The more the electron affinity the more will be its reactivity.
The minimum energy required to remove a loosely bound electron from the valence orbital is called its ionization energy. In the given reaction, silicon is accepting an electron to form its atomic state. Thus, it is releasing the energy.
This energy released during gaining one electron is equal to the electron affinity of silicon that is 133.6 kJ/mol.
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When a small lump of calcium metal,
Ca, is added to water, it reacts giving
off hydrogen gas. A solutic of
calcium hydroxide, Ca(OH)₂, is also
formed in the reaction.
Write a balanced symbol equation,
including state symbols, for the
reaction.
Answer:
The reaction of calcium metal with water to form calcium hydroxide and hydrogen gas can be represented by the following balanced equation:
Ca(s) + 2H2O(l) → Ca(OH)2(aq) + H2(g)
In this equation, "Ca" represents calcium metal, "H2O" represents water, "Ca(OH)2" represents calcium hydroxide, and "H2" represents hydrogen gas. The state symbols (s) , (l) and (aq) represent solid, liquid and aqueous state respectively.
This equation represents the transfer of electrons from the calcium metal to the water molecules, resulting in the formation of calcium hydroxide (a base) and hydrogen gas. The equation is balanced, with one calcium atom on the reactant side and one on the product side, and two water molecules on the reactant side and one calcium hydroxide molecule and two hydrogen atoms on the product side.
Suppose a gas-filled incandescent light bulb is manufactured so that the gas inside the bulb is at atmospheric pressure when the bulb has a temperature of 20.0∘C. (a) Find the gauge pressure inside such a bulb when it is hot, assuming its average temperature is 60.0∘C (an approximation) and neglecting any change in volume due to thermal expansion or gas leaks. (b) The actual final pressure for the light bulb will be less than calculated in part (a) because the glass bulb will expand. What will the actual final pressure be, taking this into account? Is this a negligible difference?
The gauge pressure inside such a bulb when it is hot is 1.3 x 10⁴. The final actual gauge pressure is 1.14 x 10⁵ Pa
According to Gay-Law, Lussac's pressure and absolute temperature are exactly related for a constant volume. P/T = K, or P alpha T, where K is a constant, and similarly
Consequently, using the gas equation and the supplied values as replacements:
P₁ / T₁ = P₂ / T₂
P₂ = P₁ /T₁ X T₂
P₂ = 1.01 x10⁵/ 293 x 331
P₂ = 1.14 x 10⁵ Pa
Thus,
Pgauge = P₂ - P atm
P gauge = 1.14 x10⁵ - 1.01 x10⁵ = 1.3 x 10⁴
Gauge pressure is the term used to describe the pressure that is measured by atmospheric pressure.
When internal pressure exceeds atmospheric pressure locally, the term "gauge pressure" is used.
As per the given data, we have to determine the final actual gauge pressure.
Initial pressure = Pₐ= atmospheric pressure
Final pressure = P +Pₐ
Final pressure = 1.3 x 10⁴ + 1.01 x10⁵ = 1.14 x 10⁵ Pa
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