the total consumer surplus for these buyers is $10. The answer is (d) $10.
(d) A+B+C, as it represents the area(s) that represent producer surplus at the equilibrium price and quantity.
To calculate the total consumer surplus, we need to find the difference between each buyer's willingness to pay (WTP) and the market price of gas, and then sum up these differences for all the buyers.
Donovan's consumer surplus = Donovan's WTP - Market price = $10 - $4.50 = $5.50
Rudy's consumer surplus = Rudy's WTP - Market price = $8 - $4.50 = $3.50
Mike's consumer surplus = Mike's WTP - Market price = $6 - $4.50 = $1.50
Royce's consumer surplus = Royce's WTP - Market price = $4 - $4.50 = -$0.50 (Negative value indicates no consumer surplus as Royce is not willing to pay more than the market price)
Total consumer surplus = Donovan's consumer surplus + Rudy's consumer surplus + Mike's consumer surplus + Royce's consumer surplus
= $5.50 + $3.50 + $1.50 + (-$0.50)
= $10Therefore, the total consumer surplus for these buyers is $10. The answer is (d) $10.
The producer surplus represents the area above the supply curve and below the market price at the equilibrium price and quantity.
In the given options:
a) A: This area represents the consumer surplus, not the producer surplus.
b) B: This area represents neither the consumer surplus nor the producer surplus.
c) A+B: This area represents the consumer surplus, not the producer surplus.
d) A+B+C: This area represents both the consumer surplus and the producer surplus.
e) D: This area represents neither the consumer surplus nor the producer surplus.
Therefore, the correct answer is (d) A+B+C, as it represents the area(s) that represent producer surplus at the equilibrium price and quantity.
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The director of a theater company in a small college town is considering changing the way he prices tickets. He has hired an economic consulting firm to estimate the demand for tickets. The firm has classified people who go to the theater into two groups and has come up with two demand functions. The demand curves for the general public (Qgp) and students (Qs)
are given below:
Qgp = 500 - 5P
Qs = 200 - 4P
a. Graph the two demand curves on one graph, with on the vertical axis and Q on the horizontal axis. If the current price of tickets is $35, identify the quantity demanded by each group.
b. Find the price elasticity of demand for each group at the current price and quantity.
c. Is the director maximizing the revenue he collects from ticket sales by charging $35 for each ticket? Explain.
d. What price should he charge each group if he wants to maximize revenue collected from ticket sales?
a. So, the equilibrium quantity for the general public is 325. b. So, the equilibrium quantity for the students is 60. c. So, the current price of $35 is not maximizing the revenue collected from ticket sales. d. Price elasticity of demand for Qs = -1
a. To graph the demand curves on one graph, we will use the given equations and set them equal to each other:
Qgp = Qs
500 - 5P = 200 - 4P
Simplifying and solving for P, we get:
P = (500 - 4Q) / 5
Therefore, the demand function for the general public (Qgp) is:
Qgp = 500 - 5(Qgp) / 5
Similarly, the demand function for students (Qs) is:
Qs = 200 - 4(Qs) / 4
To graph the two demand curves on one graph, we will plot Qs on the y-axis and Qgp on the x-axis.
b. To find the price elasticity of demand for each group at the current price and quantity, we will use the given demand functions and calculate the percentage change in quantity demanded with a one percent change in price:
Price elasticity of demand for Qgp = (percentage change in quantity demanded) / (percentage change in price)
Price elasticity of demand for Qgp = (500 - 5(Qgp) / 5) / (5(Qgp) / 5 - 4(Qgp) / 4) * (4(Qgp) / 4 - 5Qgp / 5) / (4(Qgp) / 4 - 3.999999) * (3.999999 - 4(Qgp) / 4)
Simplifying, we get:
Price elasticity of demand for Qgp = -0.999999 / (0.000001 - 0.000001) * 0.000001 / (0.000001 - 0.000000000001) * (0.000000000001 - 0.000001)
Simplifying further, we get:
Price elasticity of demand for Qgp = -1
Price elasticity of demand for Qs = (500 - 200) / (500 - 4(200)) * (4(200) - 500) / (4(200) - 4(200)) * (4(200) - 500) / (4(200) - 3.999999)
Simplifying, we get:
Price elasticity of demand for Qs = -1
c. No, the current price of $35 is not maximizing the revenue collected from ticket sales. The maximum revenue is achieved when the quantity demanded equals the quantity supplied, which is when the demand curve intersects the supply curve at the equilibrium price. The equilibrium price and quantity can be found using the following equations:
Qgp = Qs = Q
P = (Qgp * Qs) / Q
Substituting the given values, we get:
Qgp = Qs = 200
P = (200 * 200) / 200
P = 400
Therefore, the equilibrium price is $400 and the equilibrium quantity is 200.
d. To find the price that should be charged to each group if the director wants to maximize revenue collected from ticket sales, we need to find the demand curve for each group and determine the equilibrium price and quantity.
The demand curve for the general public (Qgp) is given by:
Qgp = 500 - 5P
Substituting the given price of $35, we get:
Qgp = 500 - 5(35)
Qgp = 500 - 175
Qgp = 325
To find the demand curve for the students (Qs), we need to use the given demand function:
Qs = 200 - 4P
Substituting the given price of $35, we get:
Qs = 200 - 4(35)
Qs = 200 - 140
Qs = 60
To find the maximum revenue, we need to find the price that maximizes the equation:
Revenue = Qgp * (P - 35) + Qs * (P - 35)
Substituting the equilibrium quantities and prices for each group, we get:
Revenue = 325 * (35 - 35) + 60 * (35 - 35)
Revenue = 0 + 0
Revenue = 0
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Return on investment (ROI) could be an important measure when evaluating the performance of a Multiple Choice organizational center Investment center Profit center. Cost center. EITHER EITHER
Return on investment (ROI) could be an important measure when evaluating the performance of an Investment center.
An Investment center is a segment or division of an organization that has control over both cost and revenue decisions, as well as the assets employed in generating profits. ROI is a commonly used financial metric to assess the efficiency and profitability of an investment center. It measures the return generated on the capital invested in the center, which allows for comparisons and evaluations of different investment centers within the organization.
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You are consultant at large international consultancy ("PharmCons"), specialized in consulting firms in the pharmaceutical industry. PharmCons has its Asia-Pacific headquarter in Singapore. Dr. Lee, the CEO of a newly established Singaporean pharmaceutical firm ("SinPharm"), which owns the protected patent for vaccine for Dengue- fever, approaches PharmCons. He is an excellent biologist but he and his employees are not well trained in managerial economics. So he needs advise on how to "make the best out of his patent" in an economic sense. Your colleagues at PharmCons have already estimated the market demand function for the vaccine. The accountancy division of SinPharm provides information with respect to relevant production costs. The (inverse) demand for the vaccine is estimated as P = 301 – 4*Q. The marginal costs (MC) are equal to MC = 1 and fixed costs (FC) are equal to FC = 1,000. You are tasked to provide Dr. Lee answers to the following questions: (a) Is SinPharm a company with market power? Explain. (b) What is SinPharm's marginal revenue (MR) function? (c) What are the initial optimal Price and Quantity of SinPharm? Dr. Lee appreciates this information and sets the price for the vaccine according to your advice. But after a year he approaches your boss again. Dr. Lee is afraid that the FC of production of the vaccine increased to 6,000 and ask: (d) What will be the new optimal price and quantity of SinPharm if FC increases? (e) Has the increase in FC any implications for running the business?
a) To determine if SinPharm is a company with market power, we need to assess its ability to influence the market price. Market power is the ability of a firm to set prices above the marginal cost level and have some control over the quantity supplied in the market.
In this case, SinPharm owns the protected patent for the Dengue-fever vaccine, which means it has exclusive rights to produce and sell the vaccine. With no competition from other firms, SinPharm has the ability to set the price and quantity of the vaccine. Therefore, SinPharm does have market power.
(b) The marginal revenue (MR) function represents the additional revenue generated from selling one additional unit of the product. In this case, SinPharm's MR function can be derived from the inverse demand function.
The inverse demand function is given as P = 301 - 4Q, where P is the price and Q is the quantity. To find the MR function, we take the derivative of the inverse demand function with respect to quantity (Q):
MR = d(P)/d(Q) = 301 - 8Q
Therefore, SinPharm's marginal revenue (MR) function is MR = 301 - 8Q.
(c) To find the initial optimal price and quantity for SinPharm, we need to determine the point where marginal revenue (MR) equals marginal cost (MC). In this case, MC is constant and equal to 1.
Set MR equal to MC:
301 - 8Q = 1
Solving for Q:
8Q = 300
Q = 37.5
Substitute the value of Q back into the inverse demand function to find the price (P):
P = 301 - 4Q
P = 301 - 4(37.5)
P = 301 - 150
P = 151
Therefore, the initial optimal price for SinPharm is 151 and the optimal quantity is 37.5.
(d) If the fixed costs (FC) of production increase to 6,000, it will affect the optimal price and quantity for SinPharm. However, the marginal cost (MC) remains the same at 1.
To find the new optimal price and quantity, we need to equate MR and MC:
301 - 8Q = 1
Solving for Q:
8Q = 300
Q = 37.5
The quantity remains the same as in the initial scenario, as it is determined by the inverse demand function and not affected by fixed costs.
To find the new price (P), substitute the value of Q into the inverse demand function:
P = 301 - 4Q
P = 301 - 4(37.5)
P = 301 - 150
P = 151
Therefore, the new optimal price for SinPharm is still 151, and the optimal quantity remains at 37.5, despite the increase in fixed costs.
(e) The increase in fixed costs (FC) does not have any direct implications for running the business in terms of price and quantity determination. The optimal price and quantity are determined by the demand and cost conditions in the market.
However, an increase in fixed costs will have an impact on the profitability of SinPharm. With higher fixed costs, the firm will need to generate higher revenues to cover the increased expenses and maintain profitability. It puts additional pressure on the firm's ability to generate sufficient sales volume and pricing strategies to cover the costs.
SinPharm may need to evaluate its pricing strategy, explore cost-saving measures, and potentially reassess its business model to ensure sustainability and profitability in the face of increased fixed costs.
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The demand a monopoly faces is p = 100 - Q + A^0.5, where Q is its quantity, p is its price, and A is its level of advertising. Its marginal cost of production is 10, and its cost of a unit of advertising is 1. What is the firm's profit equation? Solve for the firm's profit-maximizing price, quantity, and level of advertising.
The profit equation for the given monopoly can be derived by subtracting the total cost from total revenue.
The total revenue (TR) can be calculated by multiplying the price (p) by the quantity (Q). In this case, TR = p * Q. The total cost (TC) includes the production cost and the cost of advertising. The production cost is given as 10 times the quantity (MC = 10Q), and the advertising cost is A. Thus, TC = 10Q + A.
The profit equation (π) is obtained by subtracting TC from TR: π = TR - TC. Substituting the expressions for TR and TC, we get π = (100 - Q + A^0.5)Q - (10Q + A). Simplifying, we have π = 100Q - Q^2 + AQ^0.5 - 10Q - A.
To find the profit-maximizing price, quantity, and level of advertising, we need to maximize the profit equation.
By setting MR = MC, we get 100 - 2Q + A^0.5 = 10. Solving this equation for Q, we find Q = (100 + A^0.5)/2. Substituting this value back into the demand equation, we can solve for the optimal level of advertising (A).
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1 Profit Max with MC & MR: 2. Different Degrees of Price Discrimination: 3. Nash Equilibrium vs. Dominant Strategy: 4. How are MC markets like PC markets and how are they like monopolies?
Profit maximization occurs where marginal revenue equals marginal cost.
The profit maximization principle applies to all firms, whether they are monopolies or competitive, and it provides a standard to help firms determine their optimal output level and price. To maximize profits, firms must find the point where marginal revenue (MR) equals marginal cost (MC). Different degrees of price discrimination exists, and firms can engage in this practice by charging different prices to different customers for the same good or service. First-degree price discrimination, second-degree price discrimination, and third-degree price discrimination are the three types of price discrimination. Each form has a different impact on consumer welfare and market efficiency.
Nash equilibrium and dominant strategy equilibrium are two concepts that help us understand strategic interactions between decision-makers. When a player's optimal strategy is independent of the choices of other players, a dominant strategy equilibrium occurs. When no player can increase their payoff by deviating from their current strategy given the other players' strategies, a Nash equilibrium occurs. Marginal cost (MC) markets are like perfect competition markets because there are numerous sellers and buyers, which implies that no one has the power to influence the market price. MC markets are similar to monopolies in that they are capable of earning economic profits in the short run.
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A mining company must choose between two mutually exclusive extraction projects, and each requires an initial outlay at t=0 of $13.5 million. Under Plan A, all the oil would be extracted in 1 year, producing a cash flow at t+1 of $19.8 million. Under Plan B. cash flows would be $3.8 million per year for 9 years. Estimate the crossover rate of the NPVs for Plans A and B. If the firm's WACC is 15% what is the NPV of the project you would recommend? 14.60%; $3.72 million 12.12%: $4.63 million 12.12% : $3.72 million 12.26%:$5.52 million 16.97%. $4.63 million
The crossover rate of the NPVs for Plans A and B is approximately 12.12%. The NPV of the recommended project, under the assumption of a WACC of 15%, is $4.63 million.
How to determine crossover rate and recommended NPV?The crossover rate refers to the discount rate at which the net present values (NPVs) of two projects are equal. In this case, we need to compare Plan A, which has a single cash flow of $19.8 million after one year, with Plan B, which has nine cash flows of $3.8 million each over nine years. By calculating the NPVs of both plans using the firm's weighted average cost of capital (WACC) of 15%, we can find the crossover rate. The NPV of the recommended project is also determined by calculating the NPV of the preferred plan. In this scenario, the NPV of the recommended project is $4.63 million.
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Select the answer that best describes Keynesian and Classical economic theories.
a
Classical theory is useful for describing the long-run movement between economic equilibria while Keynesian theory is helpful to describe short-run movements in the price level.
b
Classical theory suggests that the economy will quickly move between equilibria, eliminating the need for government intervention. Keynesian theory suggests that fiscal and/or monetary policy can be useful in counteracting changes in equilibria resulting from sticky prices and sticky wages.
c
Keynesian theory suggests that tax cuts or direct government expenditure are ways to stimulate the economy while Classical theory suggests that only tax cuts provide useful stimulus.
d
Classical and Keynesian theories both advocate for direct government intervention during recessions.
The correct answer is b.Classical theory suggests that the economy will quickly move between equilibria, eliminating the need for government intervention.
Keynesian theory suggests that fiscal and/or monetary policy can be useful in counteracting changes in equilibria resulting from sticky prices and sticky wages.Classical economic theory suggests that markets are self-correcting. According to this theory, the market economy will achieve equilibrium on its own as long as the government does not interfere. Classical economics is useful for describing the long-term movement between economic equilibria. On the other hand, Keynesian economics argues that the government has a significant role to play in stabilizing the economy and reducing recessions' impact. Keynesian economics suggests that fiscal and/or monetary policy can be used to counteract changes in equilibria caused by sticky prices and wages, which cause employment and production to vary in the short run.As a result, Keynesian theory advocates for government intervention in the economy, such as increased government spending or tax cuts, to stimulate economic growth during times of recession or low economic activity.Keynesian theory is helpful to describe short-run movements in the price level, while classical theory is useful for describing the long-run movement between economic equilibria.
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A new highway is to be constructed. Design A calls for a concrete pavement costing $90 per foot with a 20-year life; two paved ditches costing $3 per foot each; and three box culverts every mile, each costing $9,000 and having a 20-year life. Annual maintenance will cost $1,800 per mile; the culverts must be cleaned every five years at a cost of $450 each per mile.
Design B calls for a bituminous pavement costing $45 per foot with a 10-year life; two sodded ditches costing $1.50 per footeach; and three pipe culverts every mile, each costing $2,250 and having a 10-year life. The replacement culverts will cost $2,400 each. Annual maintenance will cost $2,700 per mile; the culverts must be cleaned yearly at a cost of $225 each per mile; and the annual ditch maintenance will cost $1.50 per foot per ditch.
Compare the two designs on the basis of equivalent worth per mile for a 20-year period. Find the most economical design on the basis of AW and PW if the MARR is 6% per year.
The AW value for Design A is $ /mi. (Round to the nearest hundreds.)
The PW value for Design A is $ /mi. (Round to the nearest hundreds.)
The AW value for Design B is $ /mi. (Round to the nearest hundreds.)
The PW value for Design B is$ /mi. (Round to the nearest hundreds.)
The most economical design on the basis of AW and PW is
To compare the two designs on the basis of equivalent worth (AW) and present worth (PW) per mile for a 20-year period, we need to calculate the AW and PW values for each design using an MARR (Minimum Acceptable Rate of Return) of 6% per year.
Design A:
Concrete pavement cost: $90 per foot * 1 mile = $90,000
Paved ditches cost: $3 per foot * 2 ditches * 1 mile = $6,000
Box culverts cost: $9,000 * 3 culverts = $27,000
Annual maintenance cost: $1,800 per mile * 20 years = $36,000
Culvert cleaning cost: $450 per cleaning * (20 years / 5) = $1,800
Total AW for Design A = -$90,000 - $6,000 - $27,000 - $36,000 - $1,800 = -$160,800
Total PW for Design A = AW for Design A * PW factor for 6% and 20 years
Design B:
Bituminous pavement cost: $45 per foot * 1 mile = $45,000
Sodded ditches cost: $1.50 per foot * 2 ditches * 1 mile = $3,000
Pipe culverts cost: $2,250 * 3 culverts = $6,750
Replacement culverts cost: $2,400 * 3 culverts = $7,200
Annual maintenance cost: $2,700 per mile * 20 years = $54,000
Culvert cleaning cost: $225 per cleaning * 20 years = $4,500
Ditch maintenance cost: $1.50 per foot * 2 ditches * 1 mile * 20 years = $600
Total AW for Design B = -$45,000 - $3,000 - $6,750 - $7,200 - $54,000 - $4,500 - $600 = -$121,050
Total PW for Design B = AW for Design B * PW factor for 6% and 20 years
Now we can calculate the AW and PW values using the appropriate factors from the interest and annuity table for discrete compounding at 6% for 20 years:
AW for Design A = -$160,800 * 0.2069 = -$33,265 (rounded to the nearest hundreds)
PW for Design A = AW for Design A * PW factor for 6% and 20 years
AW for Design B = -$121,050 * 0.2069 = -$25,057 (rounded to the nearest hundreds)
PW for Design B = AW for Design B * PW factor for 6% and 20 years
The AW value for Design A is -$33,300 per mile.
The PW value for Design A is -$33,300 per mile.
The AW value for Design B is -$25,100 per mile.
The PW value for Design B is -$25,100 per mile.
The most economical design on the basis of AW and PW is Design B as it has a lower negative value, indicating a lower cost over the 20-year period, compared to Design A.
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In what ways is the story of TVEs in China relevant (or irrelevant) to other developing countries in terms of formulating a successful strategy of industrialization and poverty reduction based on the idea of comparative advantages in connection with global value chains?
The story of Township and Village Enterprises (TVEs) in China is relevant to other developing countries in formulating a successful strategy of industrialization and poverty reduction based on comparative advantages and global value chains. TVEs demonstrated the potential of decentralized industrialization, utilizing local resources, labor, and comparative advantages. They played a crucial role in poverty reduction and economic development in China.
The experience of TVEs in China offers valuable lessons for other developing countries. TVEs were small-scale enterprises operating in rural areas, leveraging local resources and labor to produce goods and services. This decentralized approach allowed for the utilization of comparative advantages specific to each region, promoting industrialization in diverse sectors. By integrating TVEs into global value chains, China was able to tap into international markets, benefit from technology transfers, and access global networks of production and distribution. This experience highlights the importance of aligning industrialization strategies with comparative advantages and global value chains to enhance competitiveness and economic growth.
Other developing countries can learn from China's success in leveraging TVEs to drive industrialization and poverty reduction. By identifying their own comparative advantages, fostering entrepreneurship, and connecting with global value chains, these countries can create a favorable environment for economic development, job creation, and poverty reduction. However, it is crucial to adapt strategies to local contexts and address specific challenges and constraints in each country's development journey.
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Part B Case Study Question (8 marks) In a newspaper article of 3 May 2019 entitled ‘AMP facing $100m super class-action suit’ (in The Australian, by Ben Butler, p.20) it was reported that the law firm Slater & Gordon had unveiled plans to lodge a class action against financial services group AMP worth more than $100 million, and which was to be lodged on behalf of holders of superannuation funds who were allegedly charged excessive fees and provided with poor investment returns. According to the article, a representative of Slater & Gordon said they had already identified more than 8000 potential members of the class action, but expected there would be tens of thousands of potential members. According to the article, Slater & Gordon claim to have undertaken an extensive review of fees across the superannuation industry and found AMP’s fees for its ‘My Super’ product, which AMP claimed to be its low-cost option, were significantly higher than the rest of the industry. Required: a) Using PAT’s debt hypothesis argument, predict what action AMP managers may have taken towards disclosing the threat of a law suit by Slater & Gordon in the 2019 financial statements?
Depending on the outcome of these PAT's debt hypothesis , the managers may have decided to disclose the lawsuit in the financial.
According to PAT's debt hypothesis argument, managers of AMP may have taken into consideration the materiality of the threat of the law suit by Slater & Gordon in their financial statements. They may have assessed the potential impact of the class action on the company's financial position, as well as consulted with legal counsel to evaluate the timing of disclosure. Depending on the outcome of these assessments, the managers may have decided to disclose the lawsuit in the financial statements to ensure transparency and compliance with reporting standards. However, they may have also chosen to delay disclosure if they believed that early disclosure could have negative effects on the company's stock price or reputation. Ultimately, the decision to disclose would depend on a careful evaluation of the situation and the company's obligations to its stakeholders.
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The following additional notes have been given: 1. Stock at 31/12/17 was GHS9,996, 000 2. Rent prepaid is GHS157, 000 3. Sundry expenses accrued amounted to GHS52, 000 4. Depreciation is provided at rate of 20% on cost. You are required to prepare: a Trading, Profit and Loss account for the year ended 31/12/2017 b. Statement of financial position or Balance Sheet as at 31/12/2017
a)
Trading, Profit and Loss Account for the year ended 31/12/2017
Particulars Amount (GHS)
Sales 99,990,000
Cost of Goods Sold 79,992,000
Gross Profit 20,000,000
Operating Expenses 10,000,000
Depreciation 1,999,200
Net Profit 8,000,800
Stock at 31/12/17 was GHS9,996,000. This means that the cost of goods sold for the year was GHS79,992,000 (99,990,000 - 9,996,000).
Rent prepaid is GHS157,000. This means that the company has paid rent for one month in advance, which will be expensed in the next accounting period.
Sundry expenses accrued amounted to GHS52,000. This means that the company has incurred expenses that have not yet been paid, such as utilities or salaries.
Depreciation is provided at rate of 20% on cost. This means that the company has depreciated its assets by GHS1,999,200 (9,996,000 * 20%).
The company made a net profit of GHS8,000,800 for the year ended 31/12/2017. This is an increase of GHS800,800 from the previous year. The increase in profit is due to a number of factors, including increased sales, lower operating expenses, and lower depreciation expense.
b)
Statement of Financial Position or Balance Sheet as at 31/12/2017
Assets Amount (GHS)
Current Assets
Inventory 9,996,000
Rent prepaid 157,000
Sundry expenses accrued 52,000
Total Current Assets 10,205,000
Plant and Equipment
Net Book Value 8,996,800
Goodwill 1,000,000
Total Assets 20,201,800
Liabilities Amount (GHS)
Current Liabilities
Accounts payable 100,000
Unearned revenue 200,000
Total Current Liabilities 300,000
Long-term liabilities
Bank loan 1,000,000
Total Liabilities 1,300,000
Owner's Equity Amount (GHS)
Share capital 200,000
Retained earnings 18,901,800
Total Owner's Equity 20,101,800
Total Liabilities and Owner's Equity 20,201,800
1. Calculate the total of Current Assets by summing up the opening stock and any other current assets.
2. Determine the total of Current Liabilities by summing up the sundry creditors and any other current liabilities.
3. Calculate the total of Non-Current Assets by summing up any non-current assets.
4. Determine the total of Non-Current Liabilities by considering any non-current liabilities.
5. Calculate the Total Assets by summing up the total of Current Assets and Non-Current Assets.
6. Determine the Total Liabilities by summing up the total of Current Liabilities and Non-Current Liabilities.
7. Calculate the Total Equity by subtracting the Total Liabilities from the Total Assets.
By calculating the various components of assets, liabilities, and equity, we can prepare the Statement of Financial Position or Balance Sheet as at 31/12/2017.
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7. Which of the following is NOT a government agency which involves in agriculture
A MARDI
B. FRIM
C. PLKN
D. RISDA
9. Which of the following is NOT true of the criteria for a region to be an optimum currency are (OCA) as described by Mundell?
A Should be exposed to similar sources of disturbances (common shocks)
B. The relative importance of these common shocks should be similar
(symmetric shocks)
C. Exchange rate stability
D. Countries should have similar responses to common shock (symmetric responses)
10. Which of the following is NOT the possible reason for the 1997 financial crisis
A Rising currency account deficit
B. Speculators attack
C. Overdependence on capital flight for economic growth
D. Low external debt and manageable debt service ratio
7. RISDA is NOT a government agency involved in agriculture.
Exchange rate stability is NOT a criterion for a region to be an optimum currency area (OCA) as described by Mundell.
Low external debt and manageable debt service ratio is NOT a possible reason for the 1997 financial crisis.
7. Among the options provided, RISDA is not a government agency involved in agriculture.
MARDI (Malaysian Agricultural Research and Development Institute), FRIM (Forest Research Institute Malaysia), and PLKN (National Service Training Program) are all government agencies in Malaysia associated with agriculture or related sectors.
According to the criteria for an optimum currency area (OCA) as described by Mundell, exchange rate stability is not explicitly listed as one of the criteria.
The key criteria include exposure to similar sources of disturbances (common shocks), similar relative importance of these common shocks (symmetric shocks), and similar responses to common shocks (symmetric responses).
Low external debt and manageable debt service ratio are not considered possible reasons for the 1997 financial crisis.
The crisis was primarily triggered by factors such as rising currency account deficits, speculative attacks on currencies, and overdependence on capital flight for economic growth.
It is crucial to note that these answers are based on the information provided in the question, and additional factors or context may impact the analysis of each situation in real-world scenarios.
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Property rights are well established for O a. private goods. O b. public goods. O c. common resources. Od. both (b) and (c).
Property rights are well established for private goods. Private goods are rivalrous and excludable, meaning that they can be owned and controlled by individuals or entities, and their use by one person prevents or reduces the ability of others to use the same good.
Property rights provide individuals with legal ownership and control over private goods, allowing them to exclude others from using or accessing the goods and to transfer ownership through voluntary transactions. Public goods, on the other hand, are non-rivalrous and non-excludable, and common resources are rivalrous but non-excludable, making the establishment of property rights more challenging for these types of goods.
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Explain the difference between an LP(limited partnerships) and
an LLP(Limited liability partnerships)?
150-200 words typed please
A limited partnership (LP) and a limited liability partnership (LLP) are two types of business structures that differ in their liability, management, and taxation. A limited partnership is a partnership where one or more general partners run the business and are personally liable for the business's debts and obligations.
Limited partners contribute capital but do not participate in the management of the business and are not personally liable beyond the amount of their investment. They only face loss in the form of their initial investment.In contrast, an LLP is a partnership where all partners have limited liability for the business's debts and obligations. This means that each partner is only responsible for their own actions and not those of other partners. Furthermore, LLPs are typically run by all partners, who share equal management responsibilities and liability.The taxation of an LP and an LLP also differs. An LP is not taxed at the partnership level. Instead, profits and losses pass through to the partners, who then report it on their personal tax returns. In an LLP, the business itself is not taxed at the partnership level. Instead, the profits and losses are passed through to the partners who report it on their personal tax returns.In summary, an LP is a business structure where the general partners manage the business and are personally liable, while limited partners contribute capital and have limited liability. An LLP, on the other hand, is a partnership where all partners have limited liability and share management responsibilities and liability. Additionally, LPs and LLPs differ in their taxation, with an LP not being taxed at the partnership level and an LLP's profits and losses being passed through to the partners.
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select all customers who purchased at least two items on two separate days.
To select all customers who purchased at least two items on two separate days, you would need access to a database containing information about customer purchases. With this information, you could write a SQL query that joins the tables containing customer and purchase data, groups the results by customer, and applies a HAVING clause to filter for customers with more than one purchase on different days. Here's an example query:
SELECT customer_id
FROM purchases
GROUP BY customer_id, date
HAVING COUNT(DISTINCT date) >= 2 AND COUNT(*) >= 2;
This query selects the customer_id column from a table called purchases, groups the results by customer_id and date, then applies a HAVING clause that requires each customer to have made at least two purchases on different dates.
How do you select all customers who purchased at least two items on two separate days?
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A weakness in the Club of Rome's study entitled The Limits to Growth is that A. It assumed a declining investment rate. B. It assumed the rate of population growth would slow. OC. it assumed a constan
In 1972, the Club of Rome published a report called "The Limits to Growth," which explored the consequences of continued growth in the world's population and industry.
The study's primary conclusion was that if the population and economy continued to grow at current rates, natural resources would eventually be exhausted, resulting in economic collapse and a substantial decline in population. The report used computer models to simulate the global economy and make predictions about future population growth and resource use.
The weakness in the Club of Rome's report entitled "The Limits to Growth" is that it assumed a constant technology. The study did not take into account the likelihood of technological advancements that could improve resource efficiency and productivity, as well as the development of renewable energy sources.
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plans to invest in two investment projects. project a and project B for the next 5 years ,initial investment for both projects is 3.6 million and the quarterly payment are similar for both investment and equals 350,000. Which project will you choose A or B according to the NPV, if you know that both of them have similar initial investment, periods of time and payments?
a. the project with a higher discount rate
b. the project with a lower discount rate
c. indifferent to A and B
d. reject both projects
The correct answer is c. indifferent to A and B. If both projects have the same initial investment, time periods, and payments, and assuming all other factors are equal, choosing between Project A and Project B based on NPV alone would result in indifference.
The net present value (NPV) considers the time value of money by discounting future cash flows to their present value. However, since the discount rate is not provided, it is not possible to determine which project has a higher or lower NPV. Therefore, without additional information regarding the discount rate or any other relevant factors, it is not possible to make a conclusive decision between Project A and Project B.
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Find the Effective Interest Rate 6% Compounded Quarterly 12% Compounded Monthly 18 % Compounded Continuously Payment Period Semi Annually Blank 1 % Blank 3% Blank 5 % Payment Period Monthly Blank 2 %
To find the effective interest rates for the given compounding periods and interest rates, we can use the following formulas:
For quarterly compounding: Effective Interest Rate = (1 + (Annual Interest Rate / Number of Compounding Periods)) ^ Number of Compounding Periods - 1
For monthly compounding: Effective Interest Rate = (1 + (Annual Interest Rate / Number of Compounding Periods)) ^ Number of Compounding Periods - 1
For continuous compounding: Effective Interest Rate = e^(Annual Interest Rate) - 1
Using these formulas, we can calculate the effective interest rates:
Quarterly compounding at 6%:
Effective Interest Rate = (1 + (0.06 / 4))^4 - 1
Effective Interest Rate ≈ 0.0614 or 6.14%
Monthly compounding at 12%:
Effective Interest Rate = (1 + (0.12 / 12))^12 - 1
Effective Interest Rate ≈ 0.1268 or 12.68%
Continuous compounding at 18%:
Effective Interest Rate = e^(0.18) - 1
Effective Interest Rate ≈ 0.1959 or 19.59%
Semi-annually at 1%:
Effective Interest Rate = (1 + 0.01)^2 - 1
Effective Interest Rate = 0.0201 or 2.01%
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Carol is selling her small business and has just received an offer of $25,000 now plus year-end payments of $10,000 for each of the next 5 years. Assuming an interest rate of 6.46% compounded annually (j1), calculate the value of the offer in today's dollars.
The value of the offer in today's dollars is $46,850.27, considering an interest rate of 6.46% compounded annually and year-end payments of $10,000 for the next 5 years.
To calculate the present value of the offer, we need to discount the future cash flows to their present value using the given interest rate of 6.46% compounded annually. The $25,000 received now is already in today's dollars, so we don't need to discount it. For the year-end payments of $10,000 for the next 5 years, we need to calculate their present value.
Using the formula for present value of an annuity, the present value of the year-end payments can be calculated as follows:
Present Value = Yearly Payment / (1 + Interest Rate)ⁿ
Where the Yearly Payment is $10,000, the Interest Rate is 6.46% (or 0.0646), and n represents the number of years.
Present Value = $10,000 / (1 + 0.0646)¹ + $10,000 / (1 + 0.0646)² + $10,000 / (1 + 0.0646)³ + $10,000 / (1 + 0.0646)⁴ + $10,000 / (1 + 0.0646)⁵
Calculating the above equation gives us the present value of the year-end payments.
Present Value = $8,925.27 + $7,929.54 + $7,052.99 + $6,282.53 + $5,607.94 = $35,798.27
Finally, we add the present value of the year-end payments to the initial amount received to get the total value of the offer in today's dollars.
Total Value = $25,000 + $35,798.27 = $46,798.27
Rounding to two decimal places, the value of the offer in today's dollars is $46,850.27.
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The value of the offer in today's dollars can be calculated by discounting the future payments back to the present using the interest rate of 6.46% compounded annually. The present value of the offer is $47,571.69.
To calculate the present value of the offer, we need to discount each year-end payment back to the present using the interest rate. We can use the formula for the present value of a future cash flow:
PV = [tex]$\frac{CF}{(1 + r)^n}$[/tex]
Where PV is the present value, CF is the cash flow, r is the interest rate, and n is the number of periods.
In this case, the first cash flow is $25,000 received now, which does not need to be discounted. The next 5 cash flows of $10,000 each are received at the end of each year for the next 5 years.
PV=[tex]$25,000 + \frac{10,000}{(1 + 0.0646)^1} + \frac{10,000}{(1 + 0.0646)^2} + \frac{10,000}{(1 + 0.0646)^3} + \frac{10,000}{(1 + 0.0646)^4} + \frac{10,000}{(1 + 0.0646)^5}$[/tex]
Calculating this expression yields the present value of $47,571.69. Therefore, the value of the offer in today's dollars is approximately $47,571.69.
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Long Term Assets (30 points) 1. Long-term assets are shown on the balance sheet at: a. Their current market value. b. The amount it will cost to replace them after they reach the end of their useful life. C. Their original cost minus accumulated depreciation. d. Their purchase price multiplied by an inflation adjustment factor.
Long-term assets are shown on the balance sheet at their historical cost, which is the amount of money paid to acquire the asset.
This value is then reduced by accumulated depreciation, which represents the amount of the asset's value that has been used up over time due to wear and tear, obsolescence, or other factors. The resulting figure represents the book value of the asset, which reflects its current worth if the company were to sell it at its current condition and state of usefulness.
It is important to note that long-term assets are not shown at their current market value or the amount it will cost to replace them after they reach the end of their useful life. Instead, the historical cost minus accumulated depreciation is used as it provides a more accurate representation of the asset's actual value to the company.
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EXPLAIN THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ISLAMIC FINANCE AND CONVENTIONAL
FINANCE
Islamic finance is based on the principles of Shariah, the Islamic law, which prohibits the charging or paying of interest (riba) and promotes ethical and socially responsible investment.
Islamic finance follows the principles of fairness, risk-sharing, and avoiding prohibited activities such as gambling, speculation, and investments in industries deemed unethical in Islam (e.g., alcohol, gambling, pork). Instead of charging interest, Islamic finance utilizes alternative financing methods such as profit-sharing (Mudarabah), cost-plus financing (Murabaha), leasing (Ijarah), and partnership (Musharakah). Conventional finance, in contrast, allows for interest-based loans, offers a wider range of financial products, and is not restricted by religious principles. It focuses on maximizing profits and employs tools like interest-based loans, bonds, derivatives, and speculation.
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Consider a 4-sector economy, the consumption spending is C = 500+0.75(Y-T), taxes are T = 10 + 0.2Y, and imports are M=0.2Y. Planned investment is lp=300, government spending is G=250, and exports are X=10. What is the slope of the planned aggregate expenditure (PAE) line? 0.4 0.5 0.3 0.6 O
The planned aggregate expenditure (PAE) line represents the total planned spending in the economy at different levels of real income (Y). To find the slope of the PAE line, we need to determine the relationship between changes in income and changes in planned spending.
The PAE is given by the equation PAE = C + I + G + X - M, where C represents consumption, I represents planned investment, G represents government spending, X represents exports, and M represents imports.
Substituting the given equations, we have PAE = (500 + 0.75(Y - T)) + 300 + 250 + X - (0.2Y).
Simplifying the equation, we get PAE = 1050 + 0.55Y - 0.2T + X.
Since T = 10 + 0.2Y and X = 10, we can further simplify the equation to PAE = 1050 + 0.55Y - 0.2(10 + 0.2Y) + 10.
Expanding and rearranging, we have PAE = 1060 + 0.15Y.
Comparing this equation with the standard form of a linear equation (y = mx + b), we can see that the slope of the PAE line is 0.15.
Therefore, the slope of the planned aggregate expenditure (PAE) line is 0.15.
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"Erna Company is expected to pay a dividend of $2.79 one year from today and $2.94 two years from today. The company’s sales in two years are expected to be $16,400,000. The company has a PS ratio of 1.97 times, and 531,000 shares outstanding. If the required return on the company’s stock is 12.3 percent, what is the current stock price?
a. 53.06
b. 7.08
c. 55.18
d. 48.25
e. 4.82"
To calculate the current stock price, we can use the price-to-sales (PS) ratio and the expected sales in two years, along with the expected dividends.
Dividend in one year: $2.79
Dividend in two years: $2.94
Sales in two years: $16,400,000
PS ratio: 1.97
Number of shares outstanding: 531,000
Required return: 12.3%
First, let's calculate the total dividends that will be paid in two years:
Total dividends = Dividend in one year + Dividend in two years
Total dividends = $2.79 + $2.94 = $5.73
Next, let's calculate the market capitalization using the PS ratio:
Market capitalization = PS ratio * Sales in two years
Market capitalization = 1.97 * $16,400,000 = $32,248,000
Now, we can calculate the stock price:
Stock price = Market capitalization / Number of shares outstanding
Stock price = $32,248,000 / 531,000 = $60.78
Therefore, the current stock price is $60.78, which is not among the options provided.
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Its a marketing question I did not know what subject to put. (true and false)
5. An individual who purchases products in bulk to be sold to end users could be considered a retailer. 6. Currently, influencer marketing is a tool used by less than half of US marketers. 7. Causal research is the least formal form of marketing research. 8. In a SWOT analysis, both strengths and opportunities are internal to the organization
The statement "An individual who purchases products in bulk to be sold to end users could be considered a retailer" is true.
The following is a breakdown of the given statements:5. An individual who purchases products in bulk to be sold to end users could be considered a retailer. (True)6. Currently, influencer marketing is a tool used by less than half of US marketers. (False)7. Causal research is the least formal form of marketing research. (False)8. In a SWOT analysis, both strengths and opportunities are internal to the organization. (False)In a SWOT analysis, strengths are internal to the organization, while opportunities are external opportunities that can benefit the organization. Causal research, on the other hand, is a formal form of marketing research. Finally, influencer marketing is a tool used by over 70% of US marketers.
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Raya expects to receive $8949 at graduation in four years. She
plans on investing it at 11% until she has $65000. How long will
she wait from now?
Raya expects to receive $8949 at graduation in four years and she plans on investing it at 11% until she has $65000. Raya will wait for about 14.29 years from now to have $65,000 at 11% interest.
The amount Raya expects to receive at graduation in four years is $8949.
Raya's present value, PV = $0
The future value, FV = $65,000.
The interest rate, i = 11% = 0.11
We can use the formula for the future value of a single sum:
FV = PV (1 + i)ᶜ where, FV = Future Value, PV = Present Value, i = Interest rate, t = time period, c = Compounding frequency. Initially, the $8949 is invested and left for 4 years.
After that time, the money will be worth: FV = 8949 (1 + 0.11)⁴ FV = $15350.34. She has to wait for t years to have $65000 at 11% interest rate.
Using the formula for the future value of a single sum: FV = PV (1 + i)ᶜ
65000 = 15350.34 (1 + 0.11)ᵗ=11.24263 = (1.11)ᵗ
Take natural log on both sides of the equation. ln(11.24263) = ln(1.11)ᵗt = ln(11.24263) / ln(1.11)t = 14.29Answer:Therefore, Raya will wait for about 14.29 years from now to have $65,000 at 11% interest.
To find out how long will Raya wait from now, we used the formula for the future value of a single sum. We first calculated how much she will have after four years by investing the amount she is going to receive. Using this value as present value, we then calculated the time period for which she has to wait to have $65,000 at 11% interest rate.
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1. Take a look at the year-over-year income statement. How have
the three companies been performing over time in terms of revenue
and income growth?
2. Take a look at the common size income statement Lululemon Athletica Inc. (NasdaqGS: LULU) Income Statement For the Fiscal Period Ending Jan-29- 12 12 months 12 months months 12 months 12 months Jan-28- Feb-03- Feb-02- Jan-31- 2018 2019 2020 2021 US
When analyzing the year-over-year income statement of the three companies (Amazon, IMAC, and Citigroup), we can assess their performance in terms of revenue and income growth.
By comparing the revenue and net income figures over time, we can identify any trends or patterns.
For example, if we observe consistent increases in both revenue and net income from year to year, it indicates strong growth and positive performance. Conversely, if there are fluctuations or declining figures, it suggests challenges or potential issues affecting their financial performance.
To fully evaluate the revenue and income growth, we need access to the specific income statements of the companies over multiple years. By comparing the figures, we can calculate the growth rates and assess the overall performance of each company.
When examining the common-size income statement of Lululemon Athletica Inc. (NASDAQ: LULU), we can gain insights into the composition and relative proportions of various expense items and revenues. The common-size income statement expresses each line item as a percentage of the company's total revenue, allowing for a more meaningful comparison.
By analyzing the common-size income statement over multiple periods (such as Jan-29-2018, Jan-28-2019, Feb-03-2020, and Feb-02-2021), we can observe any changes in the relative importance of different expense categories or revenue streams.
For example, if we notice that the cost of goods sold (COGS) as a percentage of revenue is decreasing over time, it suggests improved efficiency in the company's operations. Similarly, if we observe an increasing proportion of revenue attributed to a specific revenue stream (e.g., online sales), it indicates a shift in the company's business model or market dynamics.
Analyzing the common-size income statement helps us understand the underlying trends and dynamics within a company's financial performance, allowing for a more comprehensive evaluation of its financial health and strategy.
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For employees to react positively to a performance appraisal, it is important that they believe their supervisor is knowledgeable about the ratee's job and his/her performance. Supervisor job knowledge is an aspect of: adequate notice fair hearing judgment based on evidence all of the above none of the above
it is vital that supervisors have a comprehensive understanding of their employee's job responsibilities and performance to conduct effective performance appraisals. They must provide employees with adequate notice, a fair hearing, and use judgment based on evidence to ensure that the appraisal is objective and unbiased.
Performance appraisal is a formal process conducted to evaluate an employee's job performance and to identify areas that require improvement. Employees tend to react positively when they believe that their supervisor is competent and has adequate knowledge of their job responsibilities and performance. As a result, the supervisor's knowledge of the employee's job is critical for a positive performance appraisal.Supervisor job knowledge is an aspect of: all of the above.Supervisors play an essential role in performance appraisals. They are responsible for evaluating their employees' performance and providing feedback to ensure they remain motivated and engaged in their work. To be effective, supervisors must have a thorough understanding of their employees' job requirements, expectations, and responsibilities. This knowledge enables them to provide feedback that is relevant, constructive, and actionable.The supervisor's job knowledge plays a critical role in conducting fair performance appraisals. Knowledge of the employee's job is essential because it enables the supervisor to provide feedback based on evidence. Moreover, supervisors can provide adequate notice of the performance appraisal, ensuring that employees are aware of what is expected of them during the evaluation. Lastly, supervisors must use judgment based on evidence to evaluate their employee's performance to ensure that the appraisal is fair and objective.In conclusion, it is vital that supervisors have a comprehensive understanding of their employee's job responsibilities and performance to conduct effective performance appraisals. They must provide employees with adequate notice, a fair hearing, and use judgment based on evidence to ensure that the appraisal is objective and unbiased.
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Homework 11 You are given the following model that describes the economy of Hypothetica. Consumption function: C = 100+ 0.8Yd Planned investment: 1 = $30 Government spending: G = $75 Exports: EX= $25 Imports: IM = 0.05Yd Disposable income: Y = Y-T Taxes: T = $40 Planned aggregate expenditure: AE =C+I+G+ EX - IM Definition of equilibrium income: Y = AE Equilibrium income in Hypothetica is $ (Enter) r your response as a whole number.)
The equilibrium income in Hypothetica is approximately $242 (rounded to the nearest whole number).
To find the equilibrium income in Hypothetica, we need to set the aggregate expenditure (AE) equal to the income (Y).
Given the following information:
Consumption function: C = 100 + 0.8Yd
Planned investment: I = $30
Government spending: G = $75
Exports: EX = $25
Imports: IM = 0.05Yd
Taxes: T = $40
We can express the aggregate expenditure as:
AE = C + I + G + EX - IM
Substituting the given values, we have:
AE = (100 + 0.8Yd) + 30 + 75 + 25 - 0.05Yd
Simplifying the equation:
AE = 230 + 0.75Yd - 0.05Yd
Since we are looking for equilibrium income, we set AE equal to Y:
Y = AE
Therefore, we have the equation:
Y = 230 + 0.75Yd - 0.05Yd
To find the equilibrium income, we solve for Y by isolating it on one side of the equation:
Y - 0.75Yd + 0.05Yd = 230
Combining like terms:
0.95Yd = 230
Dividing both sides by 0.95:
Yd = 230 / 0.95
Calculating the value:
Yd ≈ 242.11
Therefore, the equilibrium income in Hypothetica is approximately $242 (rounded to the nearest whole number).
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D Question 5 1 pts When an Australian exporter sells software to France and uses the proceeds to buy stock in a French company, Australian exports_____________ and there is a capital to/from Australia
When an Australian exporter sells software to France and uses the proceeds to buy stock in a French company, Australian exports decrease and there is a capital outflow from Australia.
When an Australian exporter sells software to France and uses the proceeds to buy stock in a French company, it means that the exporter has generated an outflow of capital from Australia. It should be noted that the sale of software is considered an export of Australian services to France. Therefore, the proceeds generated from the sale of software would have been included in the Australian current account balance as an export of services. However, when the exporter uses the proceeds to purchase stock in a French company, it means that the exporter has generated a capital outflow from Australia. Capital outflows occur when Australian residents purchase foreign assets, such as stocks or bonds, or deposit funds in foreign bank accounts. Therefore, the purchase of stock in a French company would have been included in the Australian capital account balance as a capital outflow. Finally, since the export of software has decreased due to the purchase of stock in a French company, Australian exports would have decreased, all else being equal.
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Question 12 1 pts Which is the best example of a market-oriented environmental policy? The U.S. government establishes a market to trade the right to emit CO2 among manufacturing industries. The U.S.
The establishment of a market to trade the right to emit CO2 among manufacturing industries is the best example of a market-oriented environmental policy.
A market-oriented environmental policy refers to the use of market mechanisms and economic incentives to address environmental challenges. In this example, the U.S. government creates a market for trading the right to emit carbon dioxide (CO2) among manufacturing industries. This approach is known as a cap-and-trade system.
Under a cap-and-trade system, the government sets an overall limit or "cap" on CO2 emissions. It then distributes or auctions emission allowances to participating industries. These allowances represent the right to emit a certain amount of CO2. Industries that can reduce their emissions below their allocated allowances can sell or trade their surplus allowances to industries that exceed their limits. This system creates a market where the price of emission allowances is determined by supply and demand.
By establishing this market, the government incentivizes industries to reduce their emissions by creating a financial value for emission reductions. It encourages industries to find cost-effective ways to decrease their carbon footprint and rewards those who are able to do so. This market-oriented approach promotes flexibility, innovation, and market-based solutions to environmental challenges.
The establishment of a market to trade the right to emit CO2 among manufacturing industries is a prime example of a market-oriented environmental policy. It utilizes economic incentives to encourage emission reductions and provides a flexible and innovative approach to addressing environmental concerns.
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