0.12 atoms of oxygen are present in 0. 04 mole NaNO3, 2. 0.097 moles of nitrogen atoms are present in 10. 5g of N2O5, 3. 0.127 atoms of oxygen are present in 50g of Fe(H20)2(S04)3
To find the number of atoms of oxygen present in 0.04 mole NaNO3, you can use the mole ratio from the chemical formula. The formula for NaNO3 is NaNO3, which means that for every 1 mole of NaNO3, there are 3 moles of oxygen atoms. Therefore, 0.04 mole of NaNO3 contains 0.04 mole x 3 atoms/mole = 0.12 atoms of oxygen.
To find the number of moles of nitrogen atoms present in 10.5 g of N2O5, you can use the molar mass and the molar ratio from the chemical formula. The molar mass of N2O5 is 108 g/mol, and the formula for N2O5 is N2O5, which means that for every 1 mole of N2O5, there are 2 moles of nitrogen atoms. Therefore, 10.5 g of N2O5 contains 10.5 g / 108 g/mol = 0.097 moles of nitrogen atoms.
To find the number of atoms of oxygen present in 50 g of Fe(H2O)2(SO4)3, you can use the molar mass and the molar ratio from the chemical formula. The molar mass of Fe(H2O)2(SO4)3 is 392.18 g/mol, and the formula for Fe(H2O)2(SO4)3 is Fe2(SO4)3.6H2O, which means that for every 1 mole of Fe(H2O)2(SO4)3, there are 6 moles of oxygen atoms. Therefore, 50 g of Fe(H2O)2(SO4)3 contains 50 g / 392.18 g/mol = 0.127 moles of oxygen atoms
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400.0 ml of a 0.300 m solution of nacl is diluted to 900.0 ml. what is the new concentration of the solution?
400.0 ml of a 0.300 m solution of NaCl is diluted to 900.0 ml. The new concentration of the solution is 0.133 M.
Given that :
The initial concentration, C1 = 0.300 M
The initial volume, V1 = 400 mL
The final volume, V2 = 900 mL
The final concentration , C2 = ?
The final concentration can be calculated as :
C1 V1 = C2 V2
C2 = C1 V1 / V2
C2 = ( 0.300 × 400 ) / 900
C2 = 0.133 M
Thus, the concentration of the new volume with the volume of 900 mL is 0.133 M.
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to make up 1 l of a 0.5 m solution of edta starting with the free acid, approximately how much 10 m naoh will have to be added to adjust the ph to 7.0? do you expect this solution to have a ph-buffering capacity? the pkas of the four acetic acid groups on edta are 2.0, 2.67, 6.16 and 10.26.
To make up 1 L of a 0.5 M solution of EDTA starting with the free acid, the pH must be adjusted to 7.0. EDTA is a weak acid with a pKa of 2.0, 2.67, 6.16, and 10.26 for the four acetic acid groups.
At a pH of 7.0, EDTA will exist in a buffered state, meaning that it will be partially protonated and partially deprotonated.
To adjust the pH of the EDTA solution to 7.0, an alkali solution such as 10 M NaOH must be added. The amount of NaOH required can be calculated using the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation:
pH = pK a + log([base]/[acid])
where [base] is the concentration of the deprotonated form of EDTA and [acid] is the concentration of the protonated form of EDTA.
At a pH of 7.0, the acid-base equilibrium of EDTA will be:
[EDTA-] = [HEDTA]
At this pH, the buffer capacity is high. Since the pKa of EDTA is close to the desired pH, the buffer will resist changes in pH caused by added acids or bases.
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you will be rewarded with the necessary items to make your S'morel
If we were to add a piece of solid Cu to an aqueous solution of silver
nitrate, the Silver would be replaced in a single replacement reaction
forming aqueous copper (I) nitrate and solid silver. How much silver is
produced is 15.00 gramps of Cu is added to the solution of excess silver
nitrate? Show al work and don't forget to use significant figures.
50.9 grams of Cu are added to the excess silver nitrate solution.
What is molar mass?The molar mass of a chemical compound is defined in chemistry as the ratio between the mass and amount of substance in any sample of said compound. The molar mass of a substance is a bulk property, not a molecular property. A substance's molar mass is the mass in grams of one mole of the compound. A mole is the number of entities present in a substance, such as atoms, molecules, or ions. A mole of any substance is defined as 6.022*10^23 molecules.
Here,
moles = mass÷ molar mass
molar mass of Cu = 63.5 g/mol
moles = 15.00 g÷ 63.5 g/mol
= 0.236 moles
moles of Ag =0.236
moles x 2/1 =0.472 moles
mass = moles x molar mass
the molar mass of Ag =107.87 g/mol
mass = 0.472 moles x 107.87 g/mol = 50.9 g
50.9 grams of Cu is added to the solution of excess silver nitrate.
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krypton has a higher melting point than argon because of its group of answer choices ionic bonds. greater ionization energy. stronger dispersion forces. permanent dipole moment. hydrogen bonding.
Krypton has higher melting pointthen argon because of its stronger dispersion forces for iasondue to increase in atomic mass inter atomic attraction in these elements is only due to wekdispersion interactions. Answer for this problem is stronger dispersion forces.
The London dispersion force can be defined as a temporary attractive force due to the formation of a temporary dipole in nonpolar molecules. When the electrons of two adjacent atoms move so that the atoms momentarily become dipoles, they are attracted to each other by the London dispersion force.
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a compound of bromine and fluorine is used to make uf6. the compound contains 58.37 mass percent bromine. determine its empirical formula.
Uf6 is created using a bromine and fluorine combination. BrF3 is standard empirical formula for both the specified chemical.
Why does empirical formula exist?Typically, the stoichiometry is used to only display the components of a molecule. When one wishes to quickly identify the elements they are working with, this is helpful. When you want to know how several atoms of each element are represented in the molecule, the chemical weight is the most helpful.
Why does statistics benefit from empirical rule?In statistics, the experimental rule is frequently applied to forecast outcomes. These rule can be employed as a rough approximation of the outcomes of the upcoming data after computing the error margin and before gathering precise data.
Percentage of Br = 58.37 %
Percentage of F = 41.63 %
Mass of Br = 58.37 g
Mass of F = 41.63 g
Bromine = 0.73 /0.73
= 1
Fluorine = 2.19 / 0.73
= 3
ratio = Br : F
= 1 : 3
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HELP PLEASE BOND ENTHALPY WORKSHEET
Bond energy is explained as the energy needed to destroy a bond/link. These values are positive, indicating that bond scission is endothermic.
What is bond energy?Bond energies are typically based on average bond dissociation values for species in the gas phase at a temperature of 298 Kelvin. Bond energy can be determined by measuring and calculating the enthalpy change as the molecule breaks down into atoms and ions and dividing that value by the number of chemical bonds. For example, the enthalpy change in splitting methane (CH4) into one carbon atom and four hydrogen ions divided by the four bonds (number of C-H) gives the bond energy.Bond energy is not always the same as bond separation energy. The bond energy value is the average of the bond dissociation energies within the molecule. Different amounts of energy are required to break subsequent bonds.To learn more about Bond energy from the given link:
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help pls:))!!!!!!!!!!
Answer: C
Explanation:
Which term describes the molecule shown below?
Answer:
C
Explanation:
because i checked it in the periodic table solve it and that's it
a mixture contains 0.250 mol of fe and 1.20g of c. what is the total number of atoms in the mixture?
If a mixture contains 0.250 mol of fe and 1.20g of c. the total number of atoms in the mixture is: 2.106× 10^23.
How to find the Total number of atoms ?First step is to convert it into number of atoms
Atoms of Fe = 0.250 mol × 6.02 × 10^23 /1 mol
Atoms of Fe = 1.505 ×10^23
1.20g of C to atoms of C
Molar mass of C =12.011g/mol
Atom of C = 1.20g × 1 mol/12.011g × 6.02 × 10^23 /1 mol
Atom of C = 6.014× 10^22
Now let find the total number of atoms
Total number of atoms = Atoms of Fe + Atoms of C
Total number of atoms = 1.505 ×10^23 + 6.014× 10^22
Total number of atoms = 2.106× 10^23
Therefore the Total number of atoms is 2.106× 10^23
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the equation for the standard enthalpy of formation of potassium bromate, kbro 3, corresponds to which reaction?
The equation for the standard Enthalpy of Formation of potassium bromate, KBrO3, corresponds to the reaction in which potassium bromate is formed from its individual elements at standard conditions (25°C and 1 atm pressure). The reaction can be represented as:
K(s) + Br2(l) + 1/2O2(g) → KBrO3(s)
The standard enthalpy of formation for a substance is the change in enthalpy that occurs when one mole of the substance is formed from its individual elements at standard conditions.
In this case, the standard enthalpy of formation for potassium bromate is the amount of heat released or absorbed when one mole of potassium bromate is formed from its individual elements (potassium, bromine, and oxygen) at standard conditions.
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calcium reacts with sulfur forming calcium sulfide. what is the theoretical yield (g) of cas(s) that could be prepared from 7.72 g of ca(s) and 2.04 g of sulfur(s)?
Theoretically, 7.72 g containing ca(s) as well as 2.04 g of even more sulfur may be combined to produce 2.88 g of cas(s) (s).
Describe sulfur.Among the most rectifiers is sulfur (S), sometimes spelt as sulfur, a nonmetallic chemical element in the oxygenation member (Group 16 [VIa] of the atomic numbers). Natural sulfur is a pale yellow substance that is brittle, flavorless, and odorless.
Where can you find sulfur?Sulfur can be found naturally and now in metal bauxite ore. Natively, it can be found close to hot springs and volcanoes. The tenth most prevalent element, selenium is found in asteroids, the ocean, the crust of the earth, and the atmosphere.
balanced equation,
Ca + S ---> CaS
stoichiometry of Ca to S is 1:1
= Ca moles - 1.6 g/ 40 g/mol
= 0.04 mol
= S moles - 4.25 g / 32 g/mol
= 0.13 mol
stoichiometry of Ca to CaS is 1:1,
= CaS moles formed - 0.04 mol
= mass of CaS - 0.04 mol x 72 g/mol
theoretical yield = 2.88 g
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It is very hot during the summer, so you want to go to your local pool. The meteorologist explains that the UV index for the day is extremely high. What does the UV index represent?
A. The UV index represents the wavelength of the ultraviolet rays
B. The UV index represents the speed of the light ultraviolet rays
C. The UV index represents the intensity of the ultraviolet rays
D. The UV index represents the color of the ultraviolet rays.
The correct option is (C), i.e. C. The UV index represents the intensity of the ultraviolet rays.
The UV index serves as a gauge for the UV radiation intensity from the sun. It is a scale that ranges from 0 to 11+ and it is used to indicate the level of solar UV radiation on a particular day. The higher the UV index, the stronger the sun's UV radiation and the greater the risk of sunburn and other harmful effects on the skin and eyes. It is important to pay attention to UV index when spending time outdoors, especially during summer months and at high altitude or closer to the equator where the sun is stronger.
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when a student uses mass spectrometry to verify that they made compound 2, what is the expected m/z of the molecular ion peak (m ) for compound 2? (note: acetic acid and propanol each have a molecular weight of 60 g/mol.)
Answer:
Explanation:
m/z represents mass divided by charge number and the horizontal axis in a mass spectrum is expressed in units of m/z.Since z is almost always 1 with GCMS, the m/z value is often considered to be the mass.Mass spectrometry is an analytical tool useful for measuring the mass-to-charge ratio (m/z) of one or more molecules present in a sample.These measurements can often be used to calculate the exact molecular weight of the sample components as well.The molecular weights of the two components, which together have a molecular weight of 120 g/mol, would be the predicted m/z of the molecular ion peak for compound 2, which is a combination of acetic
Chemical compounds made up of two or more atoms and bound together by chemical bonds are called molecules. These bonds can be ionic or covalent, in which case the atoms transfer electrons rather than sharing them. Either H2 or DNA are examples of simple molecules. The different atom kinds and their arrangements inside a molecule affect the characteristics of that molecule. Molecules including proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids are necessary for the operation of living things, according to biochemistry. The kinds and configurations of molecules inside a material can have an impact on its characteristics, according to materials science. Pharmaceuticals create compounds that interact with certain
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two ways can scientists exhibit ethical behavior?
Answer:
Creating products that improve people's lives.
Remaining impartial about the data while conducting experiments.
Explanation:
Would a separation of the types described above cause
change? Explain your answer.
chemical change or a physical
In a physical change, the substance's shape or appearance changes, but the type of matter it contains stays the same. But when matter undergoes a chemical change, at least one new substance with novel properties is created.
What is a chemical change?Chemical synthesis, or, alternatively, chemical decomposition into two or more different substances, occurs when one substance reacts with another to create a new substance.
Physical modifications are those that affect a chemical substance's form but not its chemical composition. Physical changes are usually unable to separate compounds into chemical elements or simpler compounds, but they can be used to separate mixtures into their component compounds.
An overview was given as your information is incomplete.
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A platinum bar measures 5. 0 cm long, 4. 0 cm wide,and 1. 5 cm thick. It has a mass of 700. 0 grams.
a) Calculate the volume of the platinum bar
b) Calculate the density of the platinum bar
volume of the platinum bar is 30 cm3, density of the platinum bar is 25g/cm3
It is assumed that,
750 g is the mass of a platinum bar.
L = 5 cm is the bar's length.
The width of the bar is 4 cm.
Bar width, 1.5 cm in height
V=l*b*h v=4*5*1.5=30cm3 is the volume of the bar.
The density of the platinum bar needs to be determined. Any substance's density can be calculated using:
The density of the platinum bar is 25g/cm3 and the volume of the platinum bar is 30 cm3.
So, the platinum bar's density. Therefore, this is the necessary solution.
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Carbohydrates like sugars and starches are made of only three elements: carbon (C), hydrogen (H), and oxygen (O). How is it possible that so many different carbohydrates can be formed using only these three elements?
These elements are the least reactive in their family.
Different protons let these elements bond in a number of different ways.
Different combinations of the three elements result in different compounds.
These elements form long chains that keep growing, so the identity of each compound is always changing
Carbohydrates like sugars and starches are made of only these three elements (C,H,O) form long chains that keep growing, so the identity of each compound is always changing.
Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen make up the biological molecules known as carbohydrates, with the ratio of one carbon atom (C) to one water molecule (H 2O) being about right. Because they are composed of carbon (carbo-) and water, carbohydrates have the term "carbohydrates" (-hydrate). The length of carbohydrate chains varies, and the three types of physiologically significant carbohydrates are monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides. We will learn more about each type of carbohydrate in this article, as well as the vital energy and structural functions they provide in humans and other living things.
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if a piece of metal has a volume of 0.00670 l and a mass of 60.0 g, what is the density of the rock in g/ml?
If the piece of the metal has the volume of the 0.00670 L and the mass of the 60 g. The density of the rock is 8955.2 g/L.
The mass of the metal = 60 g
The volume of the metal = 0.00670 L
The density is the ration the mass to the volume of the substances .
The density expression is given as :
The Density = mass / volume
Where,
The mass = 60 g
The volume = 0.00670 L
The density = 60 / 0.00670
The density = 8955.2 g/L
Thus the density of the rock is the 8955.2 g/L.
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Oxidation-Reduction and balancing through ion electron method. Answer choices on bottom. Can someone explain this problem how they got their answer? I having a hard time understanding oxidation and reduction reactions
The balanced equation of the redox reaction using the ion-electron method is:
3 Hg + 8 HNO₃ → 3 Hg(NO₃)₂ + 2 NO + 4 H₂OThe correct option is D.
What is a redox reaction?Redox reactions include a change in the oxidation state of the substrate. When oxidation occurs, electrons are lost, or the oxidation state increases. When a reduction occurs, electrons are gained or the oxidation state decreases.
The balanced equation of the redox reaction using the ion-electron method is given below as follows:
Hg + HNO₃ → Hg(NO₃)₂ + NO + H₂O
Hg⁰ is oxidized to Hg²⁺ by the loss of two electrons
N⁵⁺ is reduced to N²⁺ by a gain of three electrons
To balance electron loss, we add a coefficient of 3 in from of Hg and a coefficient of 8 in front of HNO₃
3 Hg + 8 HNO₃ → 3 Hg(NO₃)₂ + 2 NO + 4 H₂O
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Based on her survey which advertising mediums will work best publicize Leslie’s in the store specials
The correct answer is printed flyers and internet .
Printed flyers and internet are two popular advertising mediums used to promote businesses. Printed flyers can be distributed directly to customers through mail or handed out in public places. This allows for a targeted approach and can be cost-effective, especially if the business is located in a small area. However, printed flyers can easily get lost or discarded, making it difficult to measure their effectiveness.
On the other hand, the internet offers a wider reach and can target a larger audience. Advertisements can be placed on websites, social media platforms, and search engines. This allows for more precise targeting based on demographics and interests. The internet also offers the ability to track and analyze the success of advertising campaigns in real-time, allowing for quick adjustments to be made to improve their effectiveness. However, the cost of internet advertising can be higher than traditional print advertising, and it may require more technical knowledge and resources to create and manage an online advertising campaign.
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Leslie wants to know which advertising medium works best to promote her electronics store. She surveys her customers over a weekend and creates a bar graph. Based on her survey, which advertising mediums will work best to publicize Leslie’s in-store specials?
___Cr3+ + ___O2 ----> ___Cr2O3
Answer:
Explanation:
2 Cr3+ + 3/2 O2 -----> Cr2O3
Do you feel that Paul Feyerabend’s belief falls more into a modernism or postmodernism method of thinking?
Yes Paul feyerabend falls more under postmodernism rather than modernism.
Paul feyerabend is considered a postmodernist philosopher of science. He is known for his critiques of the scientific method and the idea that there is a single "correct" way to do science. He argued that science is not a rational or objective enterprise, but is instead shaped by social and cultural factors. Feyerabend's views align more with postmodernism, which emphasizes the importance of context and subjectivity in understanding knowledge and reality.
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0. 125L of a 0. 075 M HBr solution is used to neutralize 0. 0350L of an unknown Sn(OH)2
solution. What is the molarity of the unknown Sn(OH)2 solution?
please help
To neutralize 0.0350L of an unidentified Sn(OH)2 solution, 0.125L of a 0.075 M HBr solution is utilized. The molarity of the unknown Sn(OH)2 solution is 0.268 M.
The neutralization reaction between HBr and Sn(OH)2 is as follows:
HBr + Sn(OH)2 ---> SnBr2 + 2H2O
We can use the balanced equation and the stoichiometry of the reaction to find the molarity of the unknown Sn(OH)2 solution.
From the balanced equation, we can see that for every 1 mole of HBr, 1 mole of Sn(OH)2 is consumed.
We know that the HBr solution is 0.125L and 0.075M, so the number of moles of HBr is 0.125L x 0.075M = 0.00937 moles.
Since the number of moles of HBr is equal to the number of moles of Sn(OH)2, we can use the same number of moles to find the molarity of the unknown Sn(OH)2 solution.
The quantity of solute molecules per liter of solution is known as a solution's molarity. Therefore,
Molarity of unknown Sn(OH)2 solution = moles of solute / liters of solution
Molarity = 0.00937moles / 0.0350L = 0.268 M
Therefore, the molarity of the unknown Sn(OH)2 solution is 0.268 M.
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Explain how human activity can affect the carbon cycle.
I
Answer:
Humans use many fossil fuels such as oil and coal which in turn releases much carbon into the atmosphere. And burning of the forests also releases much carbon as well. This carbon in the atmosphere does many negative changes to the earth such as causing ocean acidification and overall hurting the planet's ecosystems.
Research the dangers of aerosol cans and pressure cookers and write a report about those dangers. The report should be at least 200 words.
Note that Aerosol cans can explode if punctured or exposed to heat. Pressure cookers can malfunction and release steam & hot liquids if not properly maintained. Always use safety precautions and supervise children around these items.
What is the rationale for the above response?Aerosol cans and pressure cookers are both ubiquitous household devices that, if not used properly, can be deadly.
Pressurized gas in aerosol cans forces the product out of the can. An aerosol can can explode if it is pierced or exposed to heat, inflicting significant harm or even death. It is critical to keep aerosol cans away from heat sources at all times and to never puncture or burn them.
Pressure cookers cook food faster by trapping steam within the pot to produce high pressure and high temperatures. However, if the pressure cooker is not correctly maintained or operated, it might malfunction and cause burns or scalds by releasing steam and boiling liquids.
It is critical to be aware of the possible risks of these goods and to use them with caution. Keep them away from heat sources and in excellent functioning order at all times. If you're not sure how to use them securely, seek assistance from an adult. It is also critical to watch youngsters while they are in the vicinity of aerosol cans or pressure cookers to protect their safety.
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What is the speed of a car that travels 1000 m in 45 seconds?
Answer:
80,000km/h
Explanation:
Answer: 12.5 hope this is right.
Explanation:
13) A spoonful of sodium chloride is dissolved in a liter of water. What is
sodium chloride in this solution? *
Molecule
Solute
Solvent
Precipitate
A spoonfull of sodium chloride is dissolved in a liter of water.Solute is sodium chloride in this solution.
Salt, often known as sodium chloride (NaCl), is a substance that human body needs in order to:transporting and absorbing nutrition,keep blood pressure steady,maintain the proper fluid equilibrium.send nerve impulses,Muscles are tense and relaxed.Since salt is an inorganic substance, it does not originate from biological things. It is created when sodium chloride and chloride combine to produce white, crystalline cubes.Although salt is essential for your body to operate, too little or too much salt can be bad for your health.While salt is widely used in cooking, it is also a component of several meals and cleaning products. Your doctor or nurse will often administer sodium chloride as an injection in medical situations. Continue reading to learn why and how salt affects your body.
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which aqueous solution will have the highest melting point? assume all of the solute are nonvolatile and have ideal van't hoff factors.
The highest melting point is 0.100 m AlCl₃
Water has a 0.51 Cl molal melting point elevation constant.
They all share the same molal melting point elevation constant because they are all aqueous solutions.
0.100 M C₆H₁₂O₆ΔT = i*Kb*m
The melting point elevation is ΔT,
i = the van't Hoff factor =1,
The molal elevation constant of water's melting point is 0.51°C/m.
"where m = the molality = 0.100 m"
ΔT = i*Kb*m
ΔT = 1 * 0.51 * 0.100
ΔT = 0.051 °C
0.100 m NaClΔT = i*Kb*m
ΔT =2 * 0.51 * 0.100
ΔT = 0.102 °C
0.100 m AlCl3ΔT = i*Kb*m
ΔT =4 * 0.51 * 0.100
ΔT = 0.204 °C
0.100 m MgCl2ΔT = i*Kb*m
ΔT =3 * 0.51 * 0.100
ΔT = 0.153 °C
Your question is incomplete but most probably your full question was
which aqueous solution will have the highest melting point? assume all of the solute are nonvolatile and have ideal van't hoff factors. 0.100 m C₆H₁₂O₆ 0.100 m NaCl 0.100 m AlCl₃0.100 m MgCl₂
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Christopher investigated force and mass by applying the same force on three different objects. He recorded his observations in a table. What can Christopher do so that object 3 moves about the same distance as object 1
Christopher can change the force applied to item 3 to cause it to move the same distance that object 1 did. Mass times acceleration equals force (F = ma). As a result, the acceleration will decrease.
if the force is maintained while the object's mass increases. Christopher may thus exert additional force on item 3 to make up for the object's increased mass. In order for object 3 to move the same distance with the same force as object 1, he can also reduce its mass to match object 1's. As an alternative, Christopher can change the amount of friction that object 3 encounters. The force that opposes an object's motion is known as the friction force. If item 3 encounters less resistance to motion,With the same effort, it will travel further. To minimize friction and have item 3 go the same distance as object 1, Christopher might apply a lubricant to it. Christopher may make item 3 travel the same distance as object 1 by changing the force, mass, or friction force of that object.
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If I have 5 moles of a gas at a pressure of 6. 5 atm and a volume of 14 liters, what is the temperature? You must show all your work to receive credit. Your answer must have the correct unit
The temperature of the gas is 2.18 K, or -270.97°C, if I have 5 moles of the gas at a pressure of 6. 5 atm and a volume of 14 litres. The physical concept of temperature indicates in numerical form how hot or cold something is.
We may apply the Ideal Gas Law, which stipulates that PV = nRT, to determine the temperature of a gas.
P, V, and n all have known values of 6.5 atm, 14 L, and 5 moles, respectively. We also know that R, or 8.314 J/mol K, is the ideal gas constant.
So, to get the temperature, we may apply the equation shown below:
PV = nRT
T = (PV) / (nR) (nR)
T is calculated as (6.5 atm x 14 L) / (5 mol x 8.314 J/mol K).
T = (91 J) / (41.57 J/K)
T = 2.18 K
A thermometer is used to determine temperature. Thermometers are calibrated using a variety of temperature scales, which historically defined distinct reference points and thermometric substances.
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