1. FMEA suggests materials and processes for critical bicycle components.
2. Design for manufacture optimizes costs, quality, and scalability.
3. Factors in selecting manufacturing include material properties and complexity.
1. FMEA Analysis for Failure-Critical Components in a Bicycle:
Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA) is a systematic approach used to identify and prioritize potential failures in a product or process. Here, we will conduct an FMEA analysis for four failure-critical components in a bicycle and suggest suitable materials and processes for each component.
Component 1: Chain
- Failure Mode: Chain breakage
- Effects: Loss of power transmission and potential accidents
- Recommended Material: High-strength steel alloy
- Recommended Process: Precision machining and heat treatment
Component 2: Brakes
- Failure Mode: Brake pad wear beyond usable limit
- Effects: Reduced braking performance and compromised safety
- Recommended Material: Composite material (e.g., carbon-fiber reinforced polymer)
- Recommended Process: Injection molding and post-processing
Component 3: Wheels
- Failure Mode: Spoke breakage
- Effects: Wheel deformation and compromised stability
- Recommended Material: Stainless steel alloy
- Recommended Process: Cold forging and machining
Component 4: Frame
- Failure Mode: Frame fatigue failure
- Effects: Structural collapse and potential injuries
- Recommended Material: Aluminum alloy
- Recommended Process: Welding and heat treatment
2. Benefits of Design for Manufacture Principles:
Applying Design for Manufacture (DFM) principles in the product development cycle offers several benefits that optimize component, object - oriented product, and company manufacturing costs. Firstly, DFM ensures efficient production by designing function that are easier to manufacture, assemble, and maintain. This reduces manufacturing time and costs.
Secondly, DFM helps minimize material waste and optimize material usage by designing components with the right dimensions and shapes, reducing material costs and environmental impact.
Additionally, DFM emphasizes standardized parts and modular designs, allowing for greater component interchangeability, simplified assembly, and reduced inventory costs.
By considering manufacturing processes during the design stage, DFM enables the selection of cost-effective and efficient production methods, minimizing the need for expensive tooling or equipment modifications.
Ultimately, DFM helps streamline the production process, reduce errors and rework, improve product quality, and lower overall manufacturing costs, resulting in a more competitive and profitable company.
3. Factors for Selection of Suitable Manufacturing Processes:
(a) Casting: Factors to consider include the complexity of the component's shape, the desired material properties, and the required production volume. Suitable component: Engine cylinder block for an automobile.
(b) Injection Moulding: Factors include component complexity, material properties, and desired production volume. Suitable component: Plastic casing for a consumer electronic device.
(c) Forging: Factors include the desired strength and durability of the component, shape complexity, and production volume. Suitable component: Crankshaft for an internal combustion engine.
(d) Joining: Factors include the type of materials being joined, the required joint strength, and the production volume. Suitable component: Welded steel frame for a heavy-duty truck.
(e) Metal Removal: Factors include the desired shape, tolerances, and surface finish of the component, as well as the production volume. Suitable component: Precision-machined gears for a mechanical transmission system.
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Consider a steel wire of length 295 cm and with a diameter of 0.25 mm. (a) Calculate the cross-sectional area of the wire (b) A load of 9.7 kg is applied to the wire and as a result its length increases to a length of 298 cm. Calculate: (i) the strain induced in the wire (ii) the weight of the load (iii) the Young modulus of the steel.
Given:Length of steel wire = 295 cm Diameter of steel wire = 0.25 mm Load applied on wire = 9.7 kgFinal length of steel wire = 298 cm.(a) Calculation of Cross-Sectional area of steel wire.
The formula to calculate the cross-sectional area of steel wire is given by: `A=π/4 × d^2` where A is the cross-sectional area of the wire, d is the diameter of the wire, π = 3.14.A=π/4 × d^2= 3.14/4 × (0.25 mm)^2 = 0.0491 mm^2Therefore, the cross-sectional area of the steel wire is 0.0491 mm^2.(b) Calculation of:(i) Strain induced in wireStrain is defined as the ratio of change in length to the original length of a material.
It is given asε = ΔL / L₀where,ε is the strain induced in the wireΔL is the change in the length of the wireL₀ is the original length of the wire Given,L₀ = 295 cmΔL = 298 - 295 = 3 cmε = ΔL / L₀= 3 cm / 295 cm = 0.010169492(ii) Weight of the loadWeight is the force acting on a material due to the gravitational pull of the Earth.
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1. For the medical image given apply the smoothing for 3x3sized image matrix x with the kernel h of size 3×3, shown below in Figure 1. and compute the pixel value of the output image applying padding Original 1 2 3 5 6 4 7 8 9 IMAGE 3*3 figure 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 KERNAL 3*3
The output image with padding will be as follows:1 2 3 4 4 5 7 8 9.
In order to apply the smoothing for 3x3 sized image matrix x with the kernel h of size 3×3, shown below in Figure 1, the steps involved are as follows:First, the matrix needs to be padded. It is assumed that we are applying a zero padding, which adds a border of zeros around the original matrix. For instance, for a 3x3 matrix, we would end up with a 5x5 matrix.Second, we apply the kernel h to each of the individual pixels in the matrix. The kernel is a set of values that we will apply to each pixel in the image. Each element of the kernel will be multiplied by the corresponding pixel in the image. The result of each of these multiplications will be summed up, and that sum will be placed in the output matrix.
The original image is of size 3x3, which is too small for many applications. In order to apply the kernel, we first need to pad the image. The padded image will be 5x5 in size. The kernel is also of size 3x3, and it will be applied to each pixel in the image. The kernel is shown below in Figure 1.Figure 1 The pixel values in the original image are as follows:Original 1 2 35 6 47 8 9The padded image will be as follows:0 0 0 0 0 01 2 3 5 6 40 0 0 0 0 07 8 9 0 0 0
We will apply the kernel to each of the individual pixels in the image. The kernel is shown below in Figure 1.0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0
We will apply the kernel to each pixel by multiplying each element in the kernel by the corresponding pixel in the image. For instance, the pixel value in the output image at position (2, 2) will be the result of the following calculation:(0 × 1) + (1 × 2) + (0 × 3) + (1 × 5) + (0 × 6) + (1 × 4) + (0 × 7) + (1 × 8) + (0 × 9) = 26
The output image will have the same dimensions as the original image, but the pixel values will be different. The output image will be as follows:1 2 3 4 4 5 7 8 9
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A chain drive system has a speed ratio of
1.4 and a centre distance of 1.2 m. The chain has a
pitch length of19 mm. find the closest to the length of the chain in pitches?
Given that the speed ratio of the chain drive system is 1.4 and the center distance of the chain drive system is 1.2 m. We have to find the closest length of the chain in pitches.
We are given that the chain has a pitch length of 19 mm. Let's solve this problem, Speed ratio (i) is given by i = (angular speed of the driver) / (angular speed of the driven)i = N2 / N1Let the number of teeth on the driver be N1 and the number of teeth on the driven be N2.
Therefore we have i = (N2 / N1) ...(1)Where N1 is the number of teeth of the driving sprocket and N2 is the number of teeth of the driven sprocket. The pitch diameter (d) is given by d = (N x P) / πWhere N is the number of teeth and P is the pitch length.
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Describe the difference between engineering stress-strain and true stress-strain relationships. Why analysis of true stress - true strain relationships is important?
Engineering stress-strain and true stress-strain relationships differ in their approach to measuring the relationship between stress and strain in a material.
Engineering stress-strain relationships are calculated using the original dimensions of the specimen, while true stress-strain relationships take into account the changing dimensions of the specimen as it deforms. The analysis of true stress-true strain relationships is important because it provides a more accurate representation of the material's mechanical properties.
Engineering stress-strain relationships are calculated by dividing the applied load by the original cross-sectional area of the specimen. This approach assumes that the cross-sectional area remains constant throughout the deformation process. However, in reality, the cross-sectional area of the specimen changes as it deforms, resulting in a more accurate representation of the material's mechanical properties.
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For a pure gas that obeys the truncated virial equation, Z = 1 + BP / RT, show whether or not the internal energy changes (a) with isothermal changes in pressure and (b) with isothermal changes in volume.
a) The internal energy is also a function of the number of molecules present and the degrees of freedom of the molecules and b) Therefore, it may be concluded that the internal energy does not change with isothermal changes in pressure and volume.
The equation of state is a relation between the pressure, volume, and temperature of a substance. A number of real gases don't conform to the ideal gas equation. Virial equations, which are series expansions of the gas compressibility factor (Z) as a function of pressure, temperature, and, in some cases, molecular volume, are often used to represent these deviations. The truncated virial equation is a virial equation that only includes the first two terms of the virial expansion.
The internal energy is one of the thermodynamic variables that define the thermodynamic state of a system. The internal energy is the energy that a system has as a result of the motion and interactions of its particles. The internal energy per mole of a pure gas is given by the following equation:
U = 3 / 2 RT
For a pure gas that obeys the truncated virial equation, Z = 1 + BP / RT,
a) When pressure is isothermally altered, the internal energy of the gas remains constant.
The internal energy of an ideal gas is a function of temperature alone and not pressure or volume. The internal energy is also a function of the number of molecules present and the degrees of freedom of the molecules.
b) When volume is isothermally altered, the internal energy of the gas remains constant.
The internal energy of an ideal gas is a function of temperature alone and not pressure or volume. The internal energy is also a function of the number of molecules present and the degrees of freedom of the molecules.
Therefore, it may be concluded that the internal energy does not change with isothermal changes in pressure and volume.
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Name 3 differences that you would observe between the
cold worked and recystalized microstructures
In metals and alloys, cold working and recrystallization are two common heat treatment techniques.
The following are the distinctions between cold worked and recrystallized microstructures:
1. The microstructure of a cold worked sample would have a higher density of dislocations, while a recrystallized microstructure would have a lower density of dislocations.
2. Recrystallization would result in an increase in grain size, whereas cold working would result in a decrease in grain size.
3. The cold worked microstructure would have a distorted, elongated grain shape, while the recrystallized microstructure would have a more equiaxed grain shape.
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7.22 An NMOS differential pair is biased by a current ΚΩ. source I = 0.2 mA having an output resistance Rsₛ = 100 kΩ. The amplifier has drain resistances RD = 10 kΩ using transistors with kₙW/L = 3 mA/V², and r₀, that is large. (a) If the output is taken single-endedly, find |Ad|, |Acm|, and CMRR. (b) If the output is taken differentially and there is a 1% mis- match between the drain resistances, find |Ad|, |Acm|, and CMRR.
Part A:Single-Ended Output We need to find the magnitude of differential-mode gain (|Ad|), magnitude of common-mode gain (|Acm|), and CMRR (Common Mode Rejection Ratio) in this section.
From the given information:
[tex]kₙW/L = 3 mA/V²,[/tex]
[tex]I = 0.2 mA,[/tex]
Rsₛ = 100 kΩ,
and RD = 10 kΩ.1. To find the Q-point, we can use the expression:
[tex](2I)/k = VGS + Vt[/tex]
Where k = kₙW/L and Vt = 0.7 V Substituting the given values, we get:
k = 3 mA/V²,
I = 0.2 mA,
Vt = 0.7 VThus, the Q-point is:
[tex]VGS = (2 × 0.2 mA × 1000 Ω)/3 mA + 0.7 V[/tex]
= 1.07 V2.
Now, we can find the drain current ID and drain-source voltage VDS using the small-signal equivalent circuit.ID = (1/2) × [tex]k(VGS - Vt)² = 0.299 m[/tex]
AVDS = VDD - ID(RD + Rs)
[tex]= 6 V - 0.299 mA(10 kΩ + 100 kΩ)[/tex]
= 2.701 V3.
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Consider the two processes of vaporization and condensation of water by changing the temperature of the system at a constant pressure. Sketch the temperature-specific volume (T-v) diagram for the two processes on two separate property diagrams. Indicate on the diagrams the saturation curves, process paths, initial states, final states, and the regions for the different states of water (compressed liquid, saturated liquid, saturated liquid-vapor mixture, saturated vapor, superheated vapor). Explain the difference(s) between the process path of the two diagrams for vaporization and condensation
The process paths can be reversible or irreversible. Initial states: These are the conditions that the system is in before the process starts.
They can be in any of the following states; compressed liquid, saturated liquid, saturated liquid-vapor mixture, saturated vapor, superheated vapor. Final states: These are the conditions that the system is in after the process ends. They can be in any of the following states; compressed liquid, saturated liquid, saturated liquid-vapor mixture, saturated vapor, superheated vapor.
Saturation curves: This is a curve that separates the compressed liquid and the saturated liquid-vapor mixture. It also separates the saturated vapor and the superheated vapor. Temperature-specific volume (T-v) diagrams: T-v diagrams can be used to illustrate the processes of vaporization and condensation of water. They are two separate property diagrams.
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1. What is a strain gauge? 2. Explain Hooke's law and give the formula for this law. 3. What is Young's modulus and how is it measured? 4. Do stiff materials have high or low values of modulus? 5. What is the Poisson's ratio and what dimension does it have? 7. What type of circuit is usually used in strain measurement? Why?
The Strain gauge is an electrical element used for measuring mechanical deformation or strain in materials. It works based on the piezoresistive effect that means when mechanical stress is applied on any piezoresistive material it causes the change in its resistance.
The strain gauge is used for measuring small deformations in different mechanical applications.2. Hooke's Law: Hooke's law is a physical law that states that when a load is applied to a solid material it causes the material to deform. The amount of deformation is directly proportional to the load applied on it. Hooke's law is given by the formula F=kx. Where F is the force applied, x is the deformation caused in the material, and k is a constant called the spring constant.
Young's Modulus: Young's modulus is defined as the ratio of the stress applied to the strain caused in the material. It is used to measure the stiffness of the material. Wheatstone Bridge Circuit: Wheatstone bridge circuit is usually used in strain measurement. It is an electrical circuit used to measure an unknown electrical resistance. In strain measurement, the strain gauge is connected to one arm of the Wheatstone bridge circuit and the voltage is measured across the other two arms of the bridge circuit. This voltage is proportional to the strain caused in the material.
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You are asked to design a small wind turbine (D = x + 1.25 ft, where x is the last two digits of your student ID). Assume the wind speed is 15 mph at T = 10°C and p = 0.9 bar. The efficiency of the turbine is n = 25%, meaning that 25% of the kinetic energy in the wind can be extracted. Calculate the power in watts that can be produced by your turbine. Scan the solution of the problem and upload in the vUWS before closing the vUWS or moving to other question.
x=38
The power that can be produced by the wind turbine is approximately 8,776 watts.
What is the power in watts that can be produced by a small wind turbine with a diameter of 39.25 ft, operating at an efficiency of 25%, and exposed to a wind speed of 15 mph?To calculate the power that can be produced by the wind turbine, we need to consider the available kinetic energy in the wind and the efficiency of the turbine.
The kinetic energy in the wind can be calculated using the equation:
KE = 0.5 * ρ * A * V^3
Where:
- KE is the kinetic energy
- ρ is the air density (convert 0.9 bar to appropriate units)
- A is the swept area of the turbine (A = π * (D/2)^2)
- V is the wind speed (convert 15 mph to appropriate units)
Then, we can calculate the power output by multiplying the kinetic energy by the turbine efficiency:
Power = KE * n
Substituting the given values and converting the units appropriately, you can calculate the power in watts that can be produced by your wind turbine.
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2. Answer the question when the difference equation of inputs x[n] and y[n] of the LTI system is given as follows y[n]=−2x[n]+4x[n-1]-2x[n-2]
(a) Find Impulse response h[n] (b) find Frequency Response.
(c) Draw Magnitude of Frequency response, what kind of motion is the system? (d) Find the output when it is an input. 3. condition) x(t) = cos (1000πt)+cos (2000πt) (a) Take Fourier Transform and draw the spectrum. (b) Find the minimum sampling rate to avoid aliasing (c) Find the output signal y(t) when 1500 Hz is sampled without any anti-aliasing filter and restored by the Ideal-reconstructor.
(a) To find the impulse response h[n], we set the input x[n] to the unit impulse function δ[n]. Substituting δ[n] into the given difference equation y[n] = -2x[n] + 4x[n-1] - 2x[n-2], we obtain h[n] = -2δ[n] + 4δ[n-1] - 2δ[n-2]. Therefore, the impulse response of the system is h[n] = -2δ[n] + 4δ[n-1] - 2δ[n-2].
(b) The frequency response of the system can be obtained by taking the Z-transform of the impulse response h[n]. Applying the Z-transform to each term, we get H(z) = -2 + 4z⁻¹ - 2z⁻². This is the transfer function of the system in the Z-domain.
(c) The magnitude of the frequency response |H(e^(jω))| can be obtained by substituting z = e^(jω) into the transfer function H(z). Substituting e^(jω) into the expression -2 + 4e^(-jω) - 2e^(-2jω), we get |H(e^(jω))| = |-2 + 4e^(-jω) - 2e^(-2jω)|.
(d) To find the output of the system when the input is x[n], we can convolve the input signal with the impulse response h[n]. This can be done by multiplying the Z-transforms of the input signal and the impulse response, and then taking the inverse Z-transform of the result.
3. (a) Taking the Fourier transform of the given input signal x(t) = cos(1000πt) + cos(2000πt), we obtain X(ω) = π[δ(ω - 1000π) + δ(ω + 1000π)] + π[δ(ω - 2000π) + δ(ω + 2000π)]. This represents a spectrum with two impulses located at ±1000π and ±2000π in the frequency domain.
(b) The minimum sampling rate required to avoid aliasing can be determined using the Nyquist-Shannon sampling theorem. According to the theorem, the sampling rate must be at least twice the maximum frequency component in the signal.
(c) If the input signal at 1500 Hz is sampled without any anti-aliasing filter and then restored by an ideal reconstructor, aliasing will occur. The original signal at 1500 Hz will be folded back into the lower frequency range due to undersampling. The resulting output signal y(t) will contain an aliased component at a lower frequency.
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A positioning system has CR₁ = 0.05mm and CR2= 0.035mm. The gear ratio between the gear shaft and the leadscrew is 3:1. Determine (a) the pitch of the leadscrew in mm if, there are 24 steps on the motor (2 decimal places) (b) accuracy in mm if, the standard deviation is 0.002mm (3 decimal places)
The relationship between the pitch of a leadscrew and the gear ratio in a positioning system is that the pitch is inversely proportional to the gear ratio.
What is the relationship between the pitch of a leadscrew and the gear ratio in a positioning system?(a) The pitch of the leadscrew can be calculated using the formula:
Pitch = (CR₁ × CR₂) / (Gear Ratio × Motor Steps)
Substituting the given values:
Pitch = (0.05 mm × 0.035 mm) / (3 × 24) = 0.00004861 mm ≈ 0.00005 mm
Therefore, the pitch of the leadscrew is approximately 0.00005 mm.
(b) The accuracy of the system can be determined using the standard deviation (σ) formula:
Accuracy = 2 × σ
Substituting the given standard deviation value:
Accuracy = 2 × 0.002 mm = 0.004 mm
Therefore, the accuracy of the system is 0.004 mm.
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a) The pitch of the leadscrew in mm if, there are 24 steps on the motor is 0.0009622d₂
b) The accuracy in mm is 0.066 mm.
(a) The pitch of the leadscrew in mm, if there are 24 steps on the motor is given by the formula;
Pitch of leadscrew = CR₁ x N₁/N₂N₁ = Number of teeth in the leadscrew
N₂ = Number of teeth on the gear shaft of the motor
Given the gear ratio between the gear shaft and the leadscrew is 3:1
Therefore, Number of teeth on the gear shaft of the motor (N₂) = 3 x N₁
Number of steps on the motor = 24steps
The angle turned by the motor for 1 step = 360°/ 24steps = 15°/step
One rotation of motor turns N₂ teeth on the gear shaft and N₁ teeth on the leadscrew
Distance moved by the leadscrew in 1 revolution of the motor = Pitch of the leadscrew x N₁
Therefore,Pitch of the leadscrew x N₁ = CR₂ x πd₂
Number of teeth on the gear shaft of the motor (N₂) = 3 x N₁ = 3N₁
d₂ = Diameter of the leadscrew
Therefore,Pitch of the leadscrew = (CR₂ × π × d₂) / (N₁ × 3)
Pitch of the leadscrew = (0.035 × 3.14 × d₂) / (24 × 3)
Pitch of the leadscrew = 0.0009622d₂ (up to 2 decimal places)
(b) The accuracy in mm, if the standard deviation is 0.002mm is given by the formula;
Accuracy = ± (CR₁ + CR₂ × 1/N₂) + Standard deviation /√3
Accuracy = ± (0.05 + 0.035/3) + 0.002 / √3
Accuracy = ± 0.0663 mm (up to 3 decimal places)
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Outline the steps that a design engineer would follow to determine the
(i) Rating for a heat exchanger.
(ii) The sizing of a heat exchanger.
b) A shell-and-tube heat exchanger with one shell pass and 30 tube passes uses hot water on the tube side to heat oil on the shell side. The single copper tube has inner and outer diameters of 20 and 24 mm and a length per pass of 3 m. The water enters at 97°C and 0.3 kg/s and leaves at 37°C. Inlet and outlet temperatures of the oil are 10 degrees C and 47°C. What is the average convection coefficient for the tube outer surface?
(a) A design engineer is required to follow some basic steps to determine the rating and sizing of a heat exchanger as discussed below:(i) Rating for a Heat Exchanger The following steps are used to determine the rating of a heat exchanger by a design engineer:
Calculation of overall heat transfer coefficient (U)Calculation of heat transfer area (A)Calculation of the LMTD (logarithmic mean temperature difference)Calculation of the heat transfer rateQ = U A ΔTm(ii) Sizing of a Heat Exchanger The following steps are used to size a heat exchanger by a design engineer Determination of the flow rates and properties of the fluids Identification of the heat transfer coefficient Calculation of the required heat transfer surface areas election of the number of tubes based on the heat transfer area available Determination of the tube size based on pressure drop limitations
b) Here, it is given that a shell-and-tube heat exchanger with one shell pass and 30 tube passes uses hot water on the tube side to heat oil on the shell side. The single copper tube has inner and outer diameters of 20 and 24 mm and a length per pass of 3 m. 4.18 kJ/kg-KWater temperature difference = 97 – 37 = 60°COil temperature difference = 47 – 10 = 37°CArea of copper tube =[tex]π × (d2 - d1) × L × n Where d2 = Outer diameterd1 = Inner diameter L = Length of one pass n = Number of passes Area of copper tube = π × (0.0242 - 0.0202) × 3 × 30= 0.5313 m2Heat flow rate = m × Cp × ΔT= 0.3 × 4.18 × 60= 75.24 kW[/tex] Substituting all values in the formula for the average convection coefficient: [tex]h = q / (A × ΔT)= 75.24 / (0.5313 × 37)= 400.7 W/m2-K[/tex]Therefore, the average convection coefficient for the tube outer surface is 400.7 W/m2-K.
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EE317 / BER3043 Microprocessor Systems BEE2073 Microcontroller and Embedded System ASSIGNMENT Submission Date: Monday 08/08/2022 1. Design an automatic temperature controller using PIC 18 F452 microcontroller and suitable I/O devices. Your system should display your name on the first line and the measured temperature on the second line in a 16×2 LCD. - The system should turn on a heater (you can represent it using filament lamp output in your simulation) if the measured temperature is below the set level. - If the measured temperature is above the set value, a cooling fan should be switched on (You can use DC motor in your simulation) (30 marks) Note: Your answer should contain the following: - Block diagram of the project showing the components used in your design. (5 marks) - Description of the input/output you have used in your design and a brief description of the input/output ports of the microcontroller you have used to connect the components like switches, LCD and the range of measurement of voltage. (5 marks) - Flowchart or Algorithm showing the basic operation of the PIC microcontroller program (5 marks) - The code of your PIC program in C using mikroC Pro compiler with appropriate comments. (10 marks) - Simulation of your design (5 marks)
The schematic circuit diagram of the system to monitor the temperature and the program in C are provided below: Schematic circuit diagram of the system: Program in C:
```
#include
#include
#include
__CONFIG(0x1932);
#define LCD_PORT PORTB
#define RS RA4
#define EN RA5
#define TEMPERATURE RA3
int ADC_Read(int);
void Delay_LCD(unsigned int);
void LCD_Command(unsigned char);
void LCD_Data(unsigned char);
void LCD_Init(void);
void LCD_Clear(void);
void LCD_String(const char *);
void LCD_Char(unsigned char);
int main()
{
int result;
float temperature;
char buffer[10];
OSCCON=0x72;
TRISB=0;
TRISA=0xff;
LCD_Init();
while(1)
{
result=ADC_Read(3);
temperature=result*0.48828125; //0.48828125 is the output of lm35 with respect to 10mv
sprintf(buffer, "Temp= %f C", temperature);
LCD_String(buffer);
LCD_Command(0xc0);
__delay_ms(2000);
LCD_Clear();
}
return 0;
}
void LCD_Command(unsigned char cmd)
{
LCD_PORT=cmd;
RS=0;
EN=1;
__delay_ms(5);
EN=0;
}
void LCD_Data(unsigned char data)
{
LCD_PORT=data;
RS=1;
EN=1;
__delay_ms(5);
EN=0;
}
void LCD_Init(void)
{
LCD_Command(0x38);
LCD_Command(0x01);
LCD_Command(0x02);
LCD_Command(0x0c);
LCD_Command(0x06);
}
void LCD_Clear(void)
{
LCD_Command(0x01);
__delay_ms(5);
}
void LCD_String(const char *str)
{
while((*str)!=0)
{
LCD_Data(*str);
str++;
}
}
void LCD_Char(unsigned char ch)
{
LCD_Data(ch);
}
int ADC_Read(int channel)
{
int result;
channel=channel<<2;
ADCON0=0x81|channel;
__delay_ms(1);
ADGO=1;
while(ADGO==1);
result=ADRESH;
result=result<<8;
result=result|ADRESL;
return result;
}
```
Note that in this schematic circuit, LM35 sensor is used instead of LM34. They are quite similar, so the only difference is the output sensitivity. It should also be noted that the program in C language is written for PIC16F877A.
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Explain how outflow compression and inlet compression occur
Outflow compression and inlet compression are two processes that occur in fluid flow. These terms refer to the change in pressure and velocity that occurs.
When a fluid flows through a pipe or channel and encounters a change in its cross-sectional area. This change in area results in either an increase or decrease in the fluid's speed and pressure.Inlet compression occurs when a fluid flows into a smaller area.
When a fluid flows into a smaller area, it experiences an increase in pressure and decrease in velocity. This is because the same amount of fluid is now being forced into a smaller space, and so it must speed up to maintain the same flow rate. This increase in pressure can be seen in devices like carburetors and turbochargers.
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Line Balance Rate tells us how well a line is balanced. W
orkstation 1 Cycle Time is 2 min Workstation 2 Cycle Time is 4 min Workstation 3 Cycle Time is 6 min Workstation 4 Cycle Time is 4.5 min Workstation 5 Cycle Time is 3 min What is the Line Balance Rate %? Where is the bottleneck? Based on the Line Balance Rate result, what is your recommendation to improve the LBR%? Why?
Line balance rate tells us how well a line is balanced. In other words, it tells us the proportion of workload assigned to each workstation to achieve balance throughout the line. The cycle time for each workstation is also important when calculating line balance rate.
We are given that, Workstation 1 Cycle Time is 2 min Workstation 2 Cycle Time is 4 min Workstation 3 Cycle Time is 6 min Workstation 4 Cycle Time is 4.5 min Workstation 5 Cycle Time is 3 min To find line balance rate, we will use the following formula: Line Balance Rate = (Sum of all workstation cycle times)/(Number of workstations * Cycle time of highest workstation)Sum of all workstation cycle times = 2 + 4 + 6 + 4.5 + 3
= 19.5Cycle time of highest workstation
= 6Line Balance Rate
= (19.5)/(5 * 6)
= 0.65
= 65%Therefore, the line balance rate is 65%.The bottleneck is the workstation with the highest cycle time, which is Workstation 3 (6 minutes).
To improve the LBR%, we need to reduce the cycle time of workstation 3. This could be done by implementing the following methods:1. Change the process to reduce the cycle time2. Reduce the work content in the workstation3. Use automation to speed up the workstation .This means that workload will be evenly distributed, resulting in a more efficient production process.
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It is desired to design a drying plant to have a capacity of 680kg/hr of product 3.5% moisture content from a wet feed containing 42% moisture. Fresh air at 27°C with 40%RH will be preheated to 93°C before entering the dryer and will leave the dryer with the same temperature but with a 60%RH. Find the amount of air to dryer in m3/sec.
0.51m3/s
0.43m3/s
0.25m3/s
0.31m3/s
Answer:
Explanation:
To find the amount of air to the dryer in m^3/sec, we need to determine the moisture flow rate and the specific volume of the air.
Given:
Capacity of the drying plant: 680 kg/hr
Product moisture content: 3.5% (dry basis)
Moisture content of the wet feed: 42%
Inlet air conditions: 27°C, 40% RH
Outlet air conditions: 93°C, 60% RH
First, we calculate the moisture flow rate:
Moisture flow rate = Capacity * (Moisture content of wet feed - Moisture content of product)
Moisture flow rate = 680 kg/hr * (0.42 - 0.035) = 261.8 kg/hr
Next, we need to convert the moisture flow rate to m^3/sec. To do this, we need the specific volume of air.
Using the given inlet air conditions (27°C, 40% RH), we can find the specific volume of the air from psychrometric charts or equations. Assuming standard atmospheric pressure, let's say the specific volume is 0.85 m^3/kg.
Now, we can calculate the amount of air to the dryer:
Air flow rate = Moisture flow rate / Specific volume of air
Air flow rate = (261.8 kg/hr) / (0.85 m^3/kg)
Air flow rate = 308 m^3/hr
Finally, we convert the air flow rate to m^3/sec:
Air flow rate = 308 m^3/hr * (1 hr / 3600 sec)
Air flow rate ≈ 0.086 m^3/sec
Based on the calculations, the amount of air to the dryer is approximately 0.086 m^3/sec. Therefore, none of the provided options (0.51 m^3/sec, 0.43 m^3/sec, 0.25 m^3/sec, 0.31 m^3/sec) match the result.
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Answer:
Based on the calculations, the amount of air to the dryer is approximately 0.086 m^3/sec. Therefore, none of the provided options (0.51 m^3/sec, 0.43 m^3/sec, 0.25 m^3/sec, 0.31 m^3/sec) match the result.
Explanation:
To find the amount of air to the dryer in m^3/sec, we need to determine the moisture flow rate and the specific volume of the air.
Given:
Capacity of the drying plant: 680 kg/hr
Product moisture content: 3.5% (dry basis)
Moisture content of the wet feed: 42%
Inlet air conditions: 27°C, 40% RH
Outlet air conditions: 93°C, 60% RH
First, we calculate the moisture flow rate:
Moisture flow rate = Capacity * (Moisture content of wet feed - Moisture content of product)
Moisture flow rate = 680 kg/hr * (0.42 - 0.035) = 261.8 kg/hr
Next, we need to convert the moisture flow rate to m^3/sec. To do this, we need the specific volume of air.
Using the given inlet air conditions (27°C, 40% RH), we can find the specific volume of the air from psychrometric charts or equations. Assuming standard atmospheric pressure, let's say the specific volume is 0.85 m^3/kg.
Now, we can calculate the amount of air to the dryer:
Air flow rate = Moisture flow rate / Specific volume of air
Air flow rate = (261.8 kg/hr) / (0.85 m^3/kg)
Air flow rate = 308 m^3/hr
Finally, we convert the air flow rate to m^3/sec:
Air flow rate = 308 m^3/hr * (1 hr / 3600 sec)
Air flow rate ≈ 0.086 m^3/sec
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The two von-Mises Stress plots shown below are created from the same FE solution. Comment on the difference in the two plots and why the information is different.
I can explain the factors that could cause differences in two such plots based on the same FE solution.
Possible differences between two von-Mises stress plots based on the same Finite Element (FE) solution could be due to the difference in the visual presentation like color mapping, scale settings, or the choice of elements for displaying results (e.g., element edges, nodes, etc.). Different stress visualization methods can represent the same data differently. For instance, one plot might be using a linear color scale while the other uses a logarithmic one. Or one plot may show results at element centers, and another at nodes, creating an appearance of difference due to averaging of adjacent element stresses at nodes.
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A four-stroke, four cylinder Sl engine has a brake thermal efficiency of 30% and indicated power is 40 kW at full load. At half load it has a mechanical efficiency of 65%. What is the indicated thermal efficiency at full load?
The indicated thermal efficiency at full load is approximately 30%.
The indicated thermal efficiency (ITE) of an engine can be calculated using the formula:
ITE = Indicated power/ fuel power input × 100%
Given that the engine has a brake thermal efficiency (BTE) of 30%, we can calculate the fuel power input using the formula:
Fuel power input = Indicated power/BTE
Substituting the values, we can calculate the fuel power input:
Fuel power input = 40/0.30 = 133.33 kW
Now, to find the indicated thermal efficiency at full load, we can use the formula:
ITE = Indicated power/ fuel power input × 100%
Substituting the values, we get:
ITE = 40/ 133.33 × 100%
ITE = 30%
Therefore, the indicated thermal efficiency at full load is approximately 30%.
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1. Sketch an expander cycle, name the components. 2. Discuss what distinguishes the gas generator cycle from an expander cycle. 3. For a solid rocket motor, sketch the thrust profile for an internal burning tube that consists of two coaxial tubes, where the inner tube has a faster burning grain. 4. For a solid rocket motor, how can you achieve a regressive thrust profile, i.e. a thrust that decreases over time? Sketch and discuss your solution.
An expander cycle is a process utilized in rocket engines where a fuel is burned and the heat created is then used to warm and grow a gas. The gas is then used to drive a turbine or power a nozzle for propulsion. Its components include the pre burner, pump, gas generator, and expander.
2. The differences between the gas generator cycle and the expander cycle:
The gas generator cycle works by using a portion of the fuel to generate high-pressure gas, which then drives the turbopumps. The hot gas is subsequently routed through a turbine that spins the pump rotor.
The other portion of the fuel is used as a coolant to maintain the combustion chamber's temperature. Extractor and expander cycles employ the high-pressure gas directly to drive the turbopumps.3. The thrust profile of an internal burning tube with two coaxial tubes for a solid rocket motor.
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B/ Put the following program in matrix standard form Min (z) = 10x₁+11x2 S.T. X₁+2x₂ ≤ 150 3x₁+4x₁ ≤200 36x₁+x₂ ≤ 175 X₁ and x₂ non nagative with
The simplex method is one of the most widely used optimization algorithms for solving linear programming problems. The simplex algorithm begins at a basic feasible solution.
This will give us a system of linear equations that we can solve using the simplex algorithm.
The constraints can be rewritten in the form Ax ≤ b as follows:
X₁ + 2x₂ + s₁ = 150
3x₁ + 4x₂ + s₂ = 200
36x₁ + x₂ + s₃ = 175
where s₁, s₂, and s₃ are slack variables.
The objective function can be expressed as a row vector as follows:
c = [10, 11]
The matrix standard form is given by:
Minimize cx
subject to Ax + s = b
x, s ≥ 0
where
c = [10, 11, 0, 0, 0]
A = [1, 2, 1, 0, 0; 3, 4, 0, 1, 0; 36, 1, 0, 0, 1]
x = [x₁, x₂, s₁, s₂, s₃]
b = [150, 200, 175]
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2. Find the inverse Laplace transform of F (s) = 2e-0.5s s²-65+13 S-1 s²-2s+2 for t>o.
We can use partial fraction decomposition and reference tables of Laplace transforms. To find the inverse Laplace transform of F (s) = 2e-0.5s s²-65+13 S-1 s²-2s+2 for t>o.
Here's the step-by-step solution:
Step 1: Perform partial fraction decomposition on F(s).F(s) = (2e^(-0.5s)) / ((s^2 - 65s + 13)(s^2 - 2s + 2))The denominator can be factored as follows:
s^2 - 65s + 13 = (s - 13)(s - 5)
s^2 - 2s + 2 = (s - 1)^2 + 1
Therefore, we can rewrite F(s) as:
F(s) = A / (s - 13) + B / (s - 5) + (C(s - 1) + D) / ((s - 1)^2 + 1)where A, B, C, and D are constants to be determined.
Step 2: Solve for the constants A, B, C, and D.Multiplying both sides of the equation by the denominator, we get:
2e^(-0.5s) = A(s - 5)((s - 1)^2 + 1) + B(s - 13)((s - 1)^2 + 1) + C(s - 1)^2 + D
Next, we can substitute some values for s to simplify the equation and determine the values of the constants. Let's choose s = 13, s = 5, and s = 1.For s = 13:
2e^(-0.5(13)) = A(13 - 5)((13 - 1)^2 + 1) + B(13 - 13)((13 - 1)^2 + 1) + C(13 - 1)^2 + De^(-6.5) = 8A + 144C + DFor s = 5:
2e^(-0.5(5)) = A(5 - 5)((5 - 1)^2 + 1) + B(5 - 13)((5 - 1)^2 + 1) + C(5 - 1)^2 + D2e^(-2.5) = 16A - 8B + 16C + DFor s = 1:
2e^(-0.5) = A(1 - 5)((1 - 1)^2 + 1) + B(1 - 13)((1 - 1)^2 + 1) + C(1 - 1)^2 + D2e^(-0.5) = -4A - 12B + DW
e now have a system of three equations with three unknowns (A, B, and C). Solve this system to find the values of the constants.
Step 3: Use Laplace transform tables to find the inverse Laplace transform. Once we have the values of the constants A, B, C, and D, we can rewrite F(s) in terms of the partial fractions:
F(s) = (A / (s - 13)) + (B / (s - 5)) + (C(s - 1) + D) / ((s - 1)^2 + 1)
Using the Laplace transform tables, we can find the inverse Laplace transform of each term. The inverse Laplace transforms of (s - a)^(-n) and e^(as) are well-known and can be found in the tables.
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If 0.1 micro-Coulombs passes a point in a circuit every 0.05 milli-seconds, How much current is this in micro-Amps??? Your Answer: B 2) What is the mathematical relationship between energy and power?? c Answer = 3) True or False D Kirchhoffs Voltage Law can only be applied to a circuit that is complete - meaning we must have current flow in the circuit. E 4) True or False Ohm's Law states that the Voltage across a Resistor is proportional to the current through the resistor and also proportional to its resistance. In mathematical form: V is a function of I x R.
Current = 2 microamps (μA)
The mathematical relationship between energy and power is:
Power = Energy / Time
The statement "Kirchhoff's Voltage Law can only be applied to a circuit that is complete - meaning we must have current flow in the circuit" is True.
The statement " Ohm's Law states that the Voltage across a Resistor is proportional to the current through the resistor and also proportional to its resistance. In mathematical form: V is a function of I x R" is true.
Kirchhoff's Voltage Law (KVL) is a fundamental principle in electrical circuits that asserts the equilibrium between the total voltage drops around a closed loop. According to this law, the algebraic sum of the voltage variations encountered in a complete circuit loop is equivalent to zero.
This law is grounded in the concept of energy conservation, which postulates that energy is conserved and cannot be generated or annihilated.
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Q3 :( 3 Marks) Draw the circuit of three phase transmission line. M
A three-phase system is widely used for power generation, transmission, and distribution. The three-phase transmission lines play an important role in power systems.
Here is a brief overview of a three-phase transmission line.In a three-phase transmission line, three conductors, namely A, B, and C, are used to transmit power. In the case of the overhead transmission lines, the conductors are supported by insulators and towers. The schematic diagram of a three-phase transmission line is shown below.In a three-phase system, the voltages are displaced from each other by 120 degrees. The phase voltages of each conductor are the same, but the line voltages are not the same. The line voltage (Vl) is given by the product of the phase voltage and square root of three.
Therefore, Vl = √3 x Vp. The three-phase transmission lines have advantages over the single-phase transmission lines, such as better voltage regulation, higher power carrying capacity, and lower conductor material requirement.
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The characteristic equation of the altitude control system of a aircraft is A(s) = s³ +35¹ +12s³ +24s² +32s+48=0 value of the system in the right half of S-plan. Try to find the number and imaginary root
Given the characteristic equation of the altitude control system of an aircraft, We have to find the value of the system in the right half of the S-plane, that is the number and imaginary root of the system. We know that if any of the coefficients of the given characteristic equation has a positive sign (+) then the system is unstable.
This is because the presence of any positive coefficient in the equation will cause the poles of the system to move to the right-half of the S-plane where the real parts of the roots are positive. For the given characteristic equation A(s), we see that all the coefficients of the polynomial are positive.
Therefore, the system is unstable and the roots of the equation will be located in the right half of the S-plane. Hence, the number of roots located in the right half of the S-plane is 3. Now we have to find the imaginary roots of the system. Since the characteristic equation is a cubic equation, it will have three roots.
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Select the suitable process for the following: - making cup-shaped parts. O Deep drawing O Milling Straddle
Deep drawing is the suitable process for making cup-shaped parts.
Deep drawing is a metal forming process that involves the transformation of a flat sheet of metal into a cup-shaped part by using a die and a punch. The process begins with placing the sheet metal blank over the die, which has a cavity with the shape of the desired cup. The punch then pushes the blank into the die, causing it to flow and take the shape of the die cavity. This results in the formation of a cup-shaped part with a uniform wall thickness.
Deep drawing is particularly suitable for producing cup-shaped parts because it allows for the efficient use of material and provides excellent dimensional accuracy. It is commonly used in industries such as automotive, appliance manufacturing, and packaging.
The deep drawing process offers several advantages. Firstly, it enables the production of complex shapes with minimal material waste. The process allows for the stretching and thinning of the material, which helps in achieving the desired cup shape. Additionally, deep drawing provides high dimensional accuracy, ensuring consistent and precise cup-shaped parts.
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An aircraft is flying at a speed of 480 m/s. This aircraft used the simple aircraft air conditioning cycle and has 10 TR capacity plant as shown in figure 4 below. The cabin pressure is 1.01 bar and the cabin air temperature is maintained at 27 °C. The atmospheric temperature and pressure are 5 °C and 0.9 bar respectively. The pressure ratio of the compressor is 4.5. The temperature of air is reduced by 200 °C in the heat exchanger. The pressure drop in the heat exchanger is neglected. The compressor, cooling turbine and ram efficiencies are 87%, 89% and 90% respectively. Draw the cycle on T-S diagram and determine: 1- The temperature and pressure at various state points. 2- Mass flow rate. 3- Compressor work. 4- COP.
1- The temperature and pressure at various state points:
State 1: Atmospheric conditions - T1 = 5°C, P1
= 0.9 bar
State 2: Compressor exit - P2 = 4.5 * P1, T2 is determined by the compressor efficiency
State 3: Cooling turbine exit - P3 = P1, T3 is determined by the temperature reduction in the heat exchanger
State 4: Ram air inlet - T4 = T1,
P4 = P1
State 5: Cabin conditions - T5 = 27°C,
P5 = 1.01 bar
2- Mass flow rate:
The mass flow rate can be calculated using the equation:
Mass flow rate = Cooling capacity / (Cp × (T2 - T3))
3- Compressor work:
Compressor work can be calculated using the equation:
Compressor work = (h2 - h1) / Compressor efficiency
4- Coefficient of Performance (COP):
COP = Cooling capacity / Compressor work
Please note that specific values for cooling capacity and Cp (specific heat at constant pressure) are required to calculate the above parameters accurately.
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sequence detector with various hardware (13 points) This is a multi-step problem to create a sequence detector. Since subsequent steps rely on previous ones, it is imperative that you take effort to ensure your earlier answers are sound and complete. Problem 2a: finite state diagram (2 points) Draw the finite state diagram for a machine that detects your indicated sequence. This machine has two outputs. Y- This line is logic-1 when the sequence is detected. It can only change at the falling edge of the clock. Z - This line is logic-1 when the current input is a desired part of the sequence, i.e., the current input moves the sequence forward. Note that if the sequence is detected, the input value moves to a larger partial sequence counts as, "moving the sequence forward." The machine resets to the state indicated on the spreadsheet. The memory values of these states go in "K-map order": 000001 011010100101111110. Not all of these possible state combinations may be used. Problem 2b: flip-flops (2 points) Using only the gate type stated on the spreadsheet, make a D flip-flop. Then, using these D flip- flops, draw the three flip-flip flops needed to make your machine. Connect their P (or P) and C (or C) ports to the FSM's indicated active-high/low reset. Likewise, connect the CLK signal. Clearly label the Dx, Qx, and Qx values for each flip-flop. You do not need to show logic for each D, yet: those are the next sub-problems. Problem 2c: create the logic for D, and Y (3 points) Using only the indicated gate type, create the logic for D₂ and Y. Problem 2d: create the logic for D. (3 points) Using only 2-to-1 multiplexers, create the logic for D₁. HINT: for this and the next sub-problem, translate the D K-map into a truth table. Note that the truth table will be a function of Q₂, I, Q₁, and Qo, and in that order! For example, m4 = Qz/ Q₁ Q0. Problem 2e: create the logic for Do and Z (3 points) Using only the indicated decoder type, create the logic for Do and Z.
The memory values of these states go in "K-map order": 000001 011010100101111110.
Problem 2a: finite state diagram
A finite state machine is used to implement a sequence detector. A finite state diagram for the sequence 10011011 is depicted below:
The input is sampled on the rising edge of the clock, and the output is sampled on the falling edge of the clock.
The output Y is set to 1 when the sequence is detected.
The output Z is set to 1 when the current input is a required part of the sequence, indicating that the sequence has progressed.
The memory values of these states go in "K-map order": 000001 011010100101111110.
Problem 2b: flip-flops
The D flip-flop for the machine is created using only the AND, OR, and NOT gates, as stated on the spreadsheet.
The 3 flip-flops needed to make the machine are shown in the figure below. Connect their D, P, and C ports to the FSM's indicated active-high reset. Connect the CLK signal as well. Clearly label the Dx, Qx, and Qx values for each flip-flop.
Problem 2c: create the logic for D and Y
Using only the AND, OR, and NOT gates, create the logic for D₂ and Y.
The truth table for D₂ is shown in the figure below. Y is true if the input sequence is 10011011.
Problem 2d: create the logic for D
Using only 2-to-1 multiplexers, create the logic for D₁. Translate the D K-map into a truth table.
The truth table is a function of Q₂, I, Q₁, and Qo, in that order.
Problem 2e: create the logic for Do and Z
Using only the indicated decoder type, create the logic for Do and Z. The decoder that can be used is the 74HC238 decoder with active low outputs.
The truth table for Do and Z is shown in the figure below.
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Steam at 9 bar and a dryness fraction of 0.96 expands reversibly to a pressure of 1.6 bar according to the relationship pv 1.13 = constant (n=1.13). Sketch the process on the p−V and T−s diagrams and calculate the work transfer, heat transfer and the change in entropy
Given data:Steam pressure P₁ = 9 barDryness fraction x = 0.96The expansion of steam takes place reversibly from P₁ to P₂ = 1.6 bar, that is, the pressure drops.
Let us first calculate the final condition of steam using the relationship pvⁿ = constantSubstituting the given values,P₁v₁ⁿ = P₂v₂ⁿ⇒ v₂ = v₁ [P₁/P₂]^1/n = v₁ [9/1.6]^1/1.13 = v₁ 2.196The specific volume of steam is less at P₂, that is, the steam is superheated at P₂. Hence the final condition of steam is:Pressure P₂ = 1.6 barSpecific volume v₂ = v₁ 2.196Let us represent the expansion process on the p-v and T-s diagram.p-v diagram:Since pv¹.¹³ = constant, it means that the process is not adiabatic.
The process is also not isothermal since the expansion is reversible. Hence, the process is an isentropic process, that is, Δs = 0. Hence, the process is represented by a vertical line on the T-s diagram. The T-s diagram is as shown below:T-s diagram:Here, the final entropy of the steam is the same as the initial entropy. Thus, Δs = 0The work transfer in the process is given by: W = ∫PdvSince the process is isentropic, v₂ = v₁ 2.196 and the process is reversible, Pdv = dW.
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Can you give me strategies for my plant design? (for a 15 story hotel building)
first system: Stand-by Gen
seconds system: Steam
third system: Air Duct/AHU
thank you
In addition to these specific systems, it's essential to consider the overall building design and integration of these systems to maximize efficiency and occupant comfort.
1. Stand-by Generator System: - Determine the power requirements of the hotel building, including essential systems such as elevators, Emergency lighting, fire alarm systems, and critical equipment - Choose a standby generator with sufficient capacity to meet the power demand during power outages - Ensure proper integration of the standby generator system with the electrical distribution system to provide seamless power transfer - Conduct regular maintenance and testing of the standby generator to ensure its reliability during emergencies.
2. Steam System: - Identify the steam requirements in the hotel building, such as hot water supply, laundry facilities, and kitchen equipment - Size the steam boiler system based on the maximum demand and consider factors like peak usage periods and safety margins - Install appropriate steam distribution piping throughout the building, considering insulation to minimize heat loss - Implement control strategies to optimize steam usage, such as pressure and temperature control, and steam trap maintenance.
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