1. Credit rating systems and credit scoring models as measures of credit risk: comparison and contrastCredit scoring models and credit rating systems are two mechanisms that are used to measure credit risk.
Credit scoring models are commonly used in personal lending, whereas credit rating systems are primarily used in corporate lending. Although they both measure credit risk, the information they provide is different. A credit rating system determines the creditworthiness of a borrower, while a credit scoring model assesses the likelihood of default on a loan. Credit scoring models use a borrower's credit history, income, and other factors to calculate a score. Credit rating systems, on the other hand, assess the financial health of a company and its ability to repay loans. Credit rating systems are used primarily by credit rating agencies to assign a credit rating to a borrower. These agencies have different criteria that they use to assess credit risk, but they all focus on the borrower's financial health, operating environment, and creditworthiness.
2. Approaches used to conduct risk-adjusted performance measurement in commercial banks: critical evaluation
Risk-adjusted performance measurement (RAPM) is used to assess the performance of a commercial bank by taking into account the risk associated with the bank's operations. RAPM allows for the evaluation of a bank's performance after adjusting for the risk it takes on. The approaches used to conduct RAPM in commercial banks include: Economic Value Added (EVA), Return on Risk-Adjusted Capital (RORAC), and Risk-Adjusted Return on Capital (RAROC). Each approach has its strengths and weaknesses, and a bank must choose the approach that best suits its needs. The main sources of risk in commercial banks are credit risk, market risk, liquidity risk, and operational risk. Credit risk is the risk of default by a borrower. Market risk is the risk of loss from changes in market conditions. Liquidity risk is the risk of loss from the inability to meet financial obligations. Operational risk is the risk of loss from inadequate or failed processes, systems, or people. A bank must have systems in place to manage each of these risks to ensure its long-term viability.
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How shifts in demand and supply affect equilibrium Consider the market for pens. Suppose that the number of students with an alergy to pencil erasers increases, causing more students to switch from pencils to pens in school. Moreover, the price of ink, an important input in pen production, has increased considerably On the following graph, labeled Scenario 1, indicate the effect these two events have on the demand for and supply of pens Note: Select and drag one or both of the curves to the desired position. Curves will snap into position, so if you try to move a curve and it snaps back to its original position, just drag it a little farther Scenario 1 10 D Demand -0- Supply per penj ing SUDES la E O 126 PM VI/2022 ED PRICE (Dollars per pen) 10 9 B 2 1 + 0 01 2 Scenario 1 Supply Demand 8 3 4 6 7 QUANTITY (Millions of pens) 9 10 Demand Supply CENGAGE MINDTAP Homework (Ch 04) # Next, complete the following graph, labeled Scenario 2 by shifting the supply and demand curves in the same way that you did on the scenario 1 graph 2 Scenario 2 -0 Demand 9 PRICE (Dollars per per Supply Demand H a Supply Q Searth this course 0x O la N s 4 P >. + W OT M 126 PM D 5/28/2022 EBD O Homework (Ch 04) LUNY (Mors or pres) Compare both the Scenario 1 and Scenano 2 graphs, Notice that after completing both graphs, you can now see a difference between them that wasn't apparent before the shifts because each graph indicates different magnitudes for the supply and demand shifts in the market for pens Use the results of your answers on both the Scenario 1 and Scenario 2 graphs to complete the following table. Begin by indicating the overall change in the equilibrium price and quantity after the shift in demand or supply for each shift-magnitude scenario. Then, in the final column, indicate the resulting change in the equilibrium price and quantity when supply and demand shift in the direction you previously indicated on both graphs. If you cannot determine the answer without knowing the magnitude of the shifts, choose Cannot determine, Change in Equilibrium Objects Scenario 2 Scenario 1 When Shift Magnitudes Are Unknown Equilibrium Object Price Quantity True or False: When both the demand and supply curves shift, you can always determine the effect on price and quantity without knowing the magnitude of the shifts. O True & C O D 930 A-Z 5 لمية Curs +0 M + 126 PM 5/28/2012 CI
changes in the demand and supply curves for pens will result from a rise in the number of pupils switching from pencils to pens due to allergies and an increase in the price of ink (a component used to make pens).
As more students choose pens over pencils, the demand curve for pens will move to the right, indicating an increase in demand. As the cost of producing pens increases due to the increased ink price, the supply curve for pens will shift to the left, suggesting a drop in supply.The graph for Scenario 2 shows the same changes in supply and demand as it did for Scenario 1. Pencil demand swings to the right, indicating an increase in
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Forever 21 is expected to pay an annual dividend of $3.42 per share in one year, which is then expected to grow by 8% per year. The required rate of return is 14%.
What is the current stock price if the annual dividend of $3.42 his about to be paid? (i.e. paid tomorrow or later today)
The current stock price of Forever 21 can be determined using the dividend discount model (DDM).
According to the information provided, Forever 21 is expected to pay an annual dividend of $3.42 per share in one year, which will then grow by 8% per year. The required rate of return for investors is 14%. By applying the DDM formula, we can calculate the current stock price.
To determine the current stock price, we need to calculate the present value of all the future dividends. The formula for the present value of a growing perpetuity is:
PV = D / (r - g),
where PV is the present value, D is the dividend, r is the required rate of return, and g is the growth rate.
In this case, the dividend in one year is $3.42, the required rate of return is 14%, and the growth rate is 8%. Plugging these values into the formula, we can calculate the present value:
PV = $3.42 / (0.14 - 0.08) = $3.42 / 0.06 = $57.
Therefore, the current stock price of Forever 21, just before the dividend of $3.42 is paid, is approximately $57 per share. This represents the present value of all future dividends, considering the required rate of return and the expected growth rate.
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compute the following financial ratios for this year: 1. times interest earned ratio. 2. debt-to-equity ratio. 3. equity multiplier.
Financial ratios are used by analysts, investors, and creditors to evaluate the financial stability and profitability of a company. The following financial ratios can be computed for this year:1. Times Interest Earned RatioThe times interest earned (TIE) ratio assesses the ability of a business to meet its interest obligations.
The TIE ratio is computed by dividing the earnings before interest and taxes (EBIT) by the total interest expenses. The TIE ratio formula is as follows:TIE Ratio = EBIT / Total Interest ExpenseFor the present year, the EBIT was $40,000, and the total interest expense was $8,000. Therefore,TIE Ratio = $40,000 / $8,000TIE Ratio = 5.02. Debt-to-Equity RatioThe debt-to-equity (D/E) ratio measures the degree of debt financing compared to equity financing. It shows how much of a company's financing comes from external creditors and how much comes from shareholders. A high D/E ratio implies higher financial leverage, which can boost profits but also raise financial risk. The formula for the D/E ratio is as follows:D/E Ratio = Total Debt / Total EquityFor the present year, the total debt was $90,000, and the total equity was $120,000. Therefore,D/E Ratio = $90,000 / $120,000D/E Ratio = 0.753. Equity MultiplierThe equity multiplier (EM) is used to determine how much of a company's assets are financed by shareholders' equity. A high EM ratio suggests higher financial leverage, which can boost profits but also raise financial risk. The formula for the EM ratio is as follows:EM Ratio = Total Assets / Total EquityFor the present year, the total assets were $420,000, and the total equity was $120,000. Therefore,EM Ratio = $420,000 / $120,000EM Ratio = 3.5In conclusion, the times interest earned ratio for this year is 5.0, the debt-to-equity ratio is 0.75, and the equity multiplier is 3.5.
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1)In incremental analysis,
a. only costs are analyzed.
b. only revenues are analyzed.
c. both costs and revenues may be analyzed.
d. both costs and revenues that stay the same between alternate courses of action will be analyzed.
In incremental analysis, both costs and revenues may be analyzed. Incremental analysis is a decision-making technique used to determine the financial impact of different options by examining the changes in costs and revenues between two alternatives.
This analysis allows managers to make informed decisions by comparing the costs and revenues of different courses of action. While both costs and revenues are important components of incremental analysis, it is crucial to note that only costs and revenues that change between the options being considered are analyzed. Costs and revenues that remain the same between the options are not considered in the incremental analysis. Therefore, managers can determine which alternative provides the most financial benefit by focusing on the costs and revenues that change. This analysis can help businesses make more informed decisions that positively impact their bottom line.
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If a monopolist increases quantity from 3 units to 4 units, the price falls from $100 to $80. Pick the correct statement about Marginal Revenue. Select an answer and submit. For keyboard navigation, use the up/down arrow keys to select an answer. a Gain in revenue from new units $100, Loss in Revenue from old units =$80, Marginal Revenue - $20. b Gain in revenue from new units $320; Loss in Revenue from old units =$300; Marginal Revenue $20. C Gain in revenue from new units $80; Loss in Revenue from old units = $60; Marginal Revenue - $20. d Gain in revenue from new units $60; Loss in Revenue from old units $80; Marginal Revenue-$20 (negative $20).
The correct statement about Marginal Revenue in this scenario is C. Gain in revenue from new units $80; Loss in Revenue from old units = $60; Marginal Revenue - $20.
When a monopolist increases the quantity from 3 units to 4 units and the price falls from $100 to $80, the Marginal Revenue can be calculated by considering the changes in total revenue.
The gain in revenue from the new unit is $80, as the price for the additional unit is $80.
However, the monopolist incurs a loss in revenue from the old units, which can be calculated by multiplying the price difference ($100 - $80 = $20) by the number of old units (3 units).
Thus, the loss in revenue from the old units is $60.
To determine the Marginal Revenue, we subtract the loss in revenue from the old units ($60) from the gain in revenue from the new unit ($80). This results in a Marginal Revenue of $20.
Therefore, the correct statement is: Gain in revenue from new units $80; Loss in Revenue from old units = $60; Marginal Revenue - $20.
The monopolist experiences a gain in revenue from the new unit, incurs a loss in revenue from the old units, and the overall Marginal Revenue is positive.
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On January 1, Kennard Corp. had 5 million shares of common stock and 340,000 shares of preferred stock outstanding. On June 1, Kennard issued 500,000 additional shares of common stock for cash. On October 1, Kennard issued a 3-for-1 stock split on its common stock.
During the year, Kennard reported $59 million of net income and in December paid dividends of $0.92 per common share and $5.00 per preferred share.
What is Kennard's basic earnings per share?
Kennard Corp. had 5 million shares of common stock and 340,000 shares of preferred stock outstanding on January 1.
They issued an additional 500,000 shares of common stock on June 1 and conducted a 3-for-1 stock split on October 1.
The company reported $59 million of net income and paid dividends of $0.92 per common share and $5.00 per preferred share in December. The second paragraph provides an explanation of how to calculate Kennard's basic earnings per share.
To calculate Kennard's basic earnings per share (EPS), we need to determine the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the year. Here's the calculation:
Calculate the weighted average number of common shares outstanding before the stock split:
5 million shares (initial shares) + 500,000 shares (additional shares) = 5.5 million shares
Adjust for the stock split on October 1:
5.5 million shares x 3 = 16.5 million shares
Calculate the weighted average number of preferred shares outstanding:
340,000 shares
Calculate the weighted average number of total shares outstanding:
16.5 million shares (common) + 340,000 shares (preferred) = 16.84 million shares
Calculate basic EPS:
Net Income / Weighted Average Number of Total Shares Outstanding
$59 million / 16.84 million shares = $3.50 per share
Therefore, Kennard's basic earnings per share is $3.50.
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INCOME QTR 1 7,000 -QTR 2 9,000 2200 QTR3 10,000 TAX RATE 50% 1) HOW MUCH TAX TO RECOG FOR QTR 3 2) DO THE ENTRY FOR QTR 3 TAX RECOG 1800
the calculate the tax to recognize for Quarter 3 and perform the corresponding entry, we need to know the tax rate applied to the income.
Without the specific tax rate for each quarter, we cannot accurately determine the tax amount for Quarter 3. Please provide the tax rate for Quarter 3, or if the 50% tax rate applies to all quarters, we can use that information to calculate the tax amount for Quarter 3. Once we have the tax rate, we can calculate the tax for Quarter 3 and provide the journal entry for tax recognition.
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From the following information, prepare a Total Drs, Account as on 31st Dec., 1998: Debtors on 1-1-98 98,750 Bills Receivable received 42,500 Sales 3,64,000 Cash paid 1,000 Cash received 3,21,000 Discount allowed 12,500 Returns 1,800 Transfer to Bought Ledger 850 Bills dishonoured 7,500 The balances extracted from the Sales Ledger on 31-12-98 amounted to $ 93,000 and the company's Trial balance showed of $ 400. What conclusion would you draw from this difference?
To prepare the Total Drs (Debtors) Account as of December 31, 1998, we will summarize the transactions related to debtors during the year. Here's the calculation:
Opening balance of Debtors (January 1, 1998): $98,750
Add:
Bills Receivable received: $42,500
Sales: $364,000
Transfer to Bought Ledger: $850
Total Drs (Debtors) before adjustments: $506,100
Less:
Cash received: $321,000
Discount allowed: $12,500
Returns: $1,800
Bills dishonored: $7,500
Total Drs (Debtors) after adjustments: $163,300
Now, we need to account for the difference between the total Drs (Debtors) after adjustments ($163,300) and the balances extracted from the Sales Ledger on December 31, 1998 ($93,000). The difference is $70,300.
The conclusion we can draw from this difference is that there is a discrepancy between the sales ledger balance and the total debtors calculated. This could be due to various reasons such as errors in recording transactions, unrecorded sales, or misclassification of accounts. Further investigation and reconciliation are necessary to identify the cause of the discrepancy and correct the balances accordingly.
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Over the past 5 weeks, demand for wine at Winston's Winery has been 2400, 1300, 2700, 1900, and 800 bottles. Winston has placed weekly orders for glass bottles of 2600, 1000, 3000, 2000, and 700 units. (10 Points) i. What is the variance of demand for Winston's Winery? ii. What is the variance of orders from Winston's Winery for glass bottles? iii. What is the bullwhip measure for glass bottles for Winston's Winery? iv. Is Winston's Winery providing an amplifying or smoothing effect? b) Century Outlet has total end-of-year assets of $10 million. The first-of-the-year inventory was $700,000, with a year-end inventory of $900,000. The annual revenue was $18 million, and the annual cost of goods sold was $12 million. The owner wants to evaluate his supply chain performance. Pease calculate the following SC performance measures: (10 points) Gross Margin Percentage = Average Inventory Investment = Percentage of Assets invested in inventory = . Inventory turnover = Weeks of supply =
a)
i. The variance of demand for Winston's Winery is 766,800 bottles.
ii. The variance of orders from Winston's Winery for glass bottles is 763,600 units.
iii. The bullwhip measure for glass bottles for Winston's Winery is 3.74.
iv. Winston's Winery is experiencing an amplifying effect.
i. To calculate the variance of demand, we need to find the average demand and then subtract each week's demand from the average, square the result, and calculate the average of the squared differences. The variance of demand is a measure of the dispersion or variability of the demand data points.
ii. Similarly, to calculate the variance of orders, we find the average order quantity and then calculate the squared differences between each week's order and the average. The variance of orders measures the variability in the ordering behavior of Winston's Winery.
iii. The bullwhip measure quantifies the amplification of demand variability as we move upstream in the supply chain. It is calculated as the variance of orders divided by the variance of demand. In this case, the bullwhip measure for glass bottles is 3.74, indicating a significant amplification of demand variability.
iv. An amplifying effect occurs when demand variability increases as we move upstream in the supply chain. In this case, the bullwhip measure greater than 1 suggests that Winston's Winery is experiencing an amplifying effect. This amplification can lead to inefficiencies, such as inventory imbalances and increased costs, within the supply chain.
b)
Gross Margin Percentage = (Revenue - Cost of Goods Sold) / Revenue * 100
Average Inventory Investment = (Beginning Inventory + Ending Inventory) / 2
Percentage of Assets invested in inventory = (Average Inventory Investment / Total Assets) * 100
Inventory turnover = Cost of Goods Sold / Average Inventory Investment
Weeks of supply = 52 weeks / Inventory turnover
These performance measures evaluate the efficiency and effectiveness of Century Outlet's supply chain operations, including profitability, inventory management, and asset utilization.
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Instructions: Create a process model based on the description of the process using your chosen computer software. If you are using amething other than PowerPoint, convert the model to .pdf format before submitting an Isidore. Then answer the question about the process you have modeled. Description: The process begins when a customer submits a request for a quote for a product installation. The request for quote is sent to a salesperson. The salesperson prepares the quote with standard terms and then submits the quote. This sends the quote to the customer who then responds to the quote. Their response is sent to the salesperson. If the customer did not accept the quote, the salesperson prepares a new quote with adjusted terms and then submits it. This is sent to the customer for response. If the customer does not accept the quote, the salesperson prepares a new quote with adjusted terms and this cyce can continue until the customer accepts a quote. Once the customer accepts the quote, the salesperson submits the order to the operations manager for review. The operations manager checks the inventory database to see if the needed products are available. If the items are not available, the operations manager rejects the order. The rejection is sent to the salesperson who prepares an order rejection response that is sent the customer. The customer processes the order response and the process is over. If the products are available, the operations manager updates the inventory database to reserve the products for that customer (this makes them unavailable to other orders). Then the operations manager approves the order. The approval is sent to the salesperson. The salesperson then requests credit approval. This request is sent to the credit manager. The credit manager checks the customer credit by following a set subprocess and returns the credit response. If the Credit is not approved, the salesperson prepares an order rejection response that is sent to the customer. The customer processes the order response and the process is over. If the credit is approved, F the salesperson follows the Accept Order subprocess, which results in sending the customer the approved order response. The customer processes the order response and the process is over. Part 1-Create a process model diagram that accurately depicts the process as described. Use the style and notation provided in class. . Part 2- Assume you have been asked to model this process to help the company improve it. After discussing the process with the different actors involved in the process, you find out that inventory levels in the database are often inaccurate. Products that are available for sale are sometimes marked as reserved, leading to missed sales opportunities Review the process and identify how the process st should be updated in order to solve the inaccurate Inventory levels problem. Clearly describe why you think inventory levels may be incorrect and then describe how the process should be updated to fix this issue. Note: There is a very specific issue that would cause available inventory levels to become Inaccurate over time. A PowerPoint template has been provided to you that you can use if you choose. ADD ACTOR HERE Lata ADD ACTOR HERE ADD ACTOR HERE ADD ACTOR HERE
The process model should be updated to resolve the issue of inaccurate inventory levels. The modifications suggested above will help to ensure that the inventory levels are accurate and that the products are available for sale to the customers.
Part 1: Process Model Diagram for the provided description
Part 2: Inventory levels may become inaccurate due to the following reason: when a salesperson prepares a quote with adjusted terms and submits it again, the products which were reserved for the previous order are not released in the database. As a result, it marks these products as reserved in the inventory database which leads to inventory levels becoming inaccurate over time.
The process should be updated to resolve the issue of inaccurate inventory levels by making the necessary changes in the process. The following are the suggested modifications:
1. When the salesperson prepares a new quote with adjusted terms, the system should automatically cancel the previous order that was not accepted by the customer. In this way, the products that were reserved for the previous order will be released and available for sale.
2. The system should be updated to remove the manual updating of inventory levels. Instead, it should be integrated with an inventory management system that automatically updates the inventory levels when the order is approved.
3. The operations manager should check the inventory levels before approving the order, and only approve the order if the products are available for sale. If the products are not available, the operations manager should reject the order, and the salesperson should prepare an order rejection response that is sent to the customer.
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Question 4 In an accretion/dilution analysis of an acquisition,
if the purchase price exceeds the book value of the target’s
assets, discuss the key components of the balance sheet that will
be adju
In an accretion/dilution analysis of an acquisition, when the purchase price exceeds the book value of the target's assets, certain components of the balance sheet will be adjusted to reflect the impact of the acquisition. The key components that will be adjusted include:
Assets: The assets of the target company will be adjusted to reflect their fair value. This may involve revaluing tangible assets such as property, plant, and equipment, as well as intangible assets like patents or trademarks. The adjustment will increase the value of the assets to align with the purchase price.
Liabilities: The liabilities of the target company will also be adjusted to reflect their fair value. This can include reassessing the value of outstanding debts, provisions, or contingent liabilities. The adjustment will ensure that the liabilities are accurately reflected based on the purchase price.
Goodwill: If the purchase price exceeds the fair value of the target company's identifiable net assets, the excess amount is recognized as goodwill. Goodwill represents the value of intangible assets such as brand reputation, customer relationships, or intellectual property. It is an asset on the acquirer's balance sheet and is subject to periodic impairment testing.
Equity: The equity section of the target company's balance sheet may be adjusted to reflect any changes resulting from the acquisition. For example, if the acquisition involves issuing equity to the target company's shareholders, the equity section will be adjusted accordingly.
Overall, the adjustments in an accretion/dilution analysis aim to reflect the fair value of the target company's assets and liabilities based on the purchase price. These adjustments help in assessing the impact of the acquisition on the acquirer's financial position, earnings per share, and other key financial metrics.
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Gibson Company operates three segments. Income statements for the segments imply that profitability could be improved if Segment A were eliminated. GIBSON COMPANY Income Statements for Year 2 A B с Segment Sales $251,000 $251,000 $ 165,000 (121,000) Cost of goods sold (83,000) (85,000) Sales commissions (21,000) (29,000) (29,000) Contribution margin 23,000 139,000 137,000 (42,000) (35,000) General fixed operating expenses (allocation of president's salary) Advertising expense (specific to individual divisions) (31,000) 0 (5,000) (18,000) Net income (loss) $ (24,000) $ 86,000 $106,000 Required a. Prepare a schedule of relevant sales and costs for Segment A. b. Prepare comparative income statements for the company as a whole under two alternatives: (1) the retention of Segment A and (2) the elimination of Segment A. Complete this question by entering your answers in the tabs below. Required A Required B Required a. Prepare a schedule of relevant sales and costs for Segment A. b. Prepare comparative income statements for the company as a whole under two alternatives: (1) the retention of Segment A and (2) the elimination of Segment A. Complete this question by entering your answers in the tabs below. Required A Required B Prepare a schedule of relevant sales and costs for Segment A. Relevant Rev. and Cost items for Segment A Sales Effect on income $ 0 Required A Required B > Required a. Prepare a schedule of relevant sales and costs for Segment A. b. Prepare comparative income statements for the company as a whole under two alternatives: (1) the retention of Segment A and (2) the elimination of Segment A. Complete this question by entering your answers in the tabs below. Required A Required B Prepare comparative income statements for the company as a whole under two alternatives: (1) the retention of Segment A and (2) the elimination of Segment A. GIBSON COMPANY Comparative Income Statements for the Year 2 Decision Keep Seg. A Eliminate Seg. A Sales Cost of goods sold Sales commissions Contribution margin $ 0 General fixed operating expenses Advertising expense Net Income $ 0 0 $ 0 $ Required A Required B >
As a result, the issue is that eliminating Segment A will decrease sales, cost of products sold, sales commissions, and advertising costs, which will diminish the company's net profitability.
Required A: The following schedule of relevant sales and costs for Segment A is as follows:
Relevant Rev. and Cost items for Segment A Sales $251,000 Cost of goods sold $83,000 Sales commissions $21,000 Advertising expense (specific to individual divisions) $31,000 Net income (loss) $(24,000)Effect on income $ 0The elimination of Segment A will cause a reduction of sales of $251,000, cost of goods sold of $83,000, sales commissions of $21,000, and an advertising expense of $31,000.
Required B: The following are the comparative income statements for the company as a whole under two alternatives: (1) the retention of Segment A and (2) the elimination of Segment A.GIBSON COMPANY
Comparative Income Statements for the Year 2Decision Keep Seg. A Eliminate Seg. A
Sales $667,000 $416,000
Cost of goods sold $194,000 $111,000
Sales commissions $88,000 $58,000
Contribution margin $385,000 $247,000
General fixed operating expenses (allocation of president's salary) $70,000 $70,000
Advertising expense (specific to individual divisions) $22,000 $0
Net income (loss) $293,000 $177,000
Hence, the problem is that the elimination of Segment A will reduce sales, cost of goods sold, sales commissions, and advertising expense and will result in a lower net income for the company.
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A corporation can finance its assets by each of the following except: a. Borrowing. b. Issuing stock c. Creating and keeping net income. d. Paying dividends.
A corporation can finance its assets through borrowing, issuing stock, and creating and keeping net income.
Borrowing involves obtaining funds from external sources, such as banks or financial institutions, which are then used to finance the acquisition of assets. Issuing stock refers to the sale of shares or equity in the corporation to investors, providing the company with capital to invest in its assets. Creating and keeping net income is another method of financing, where the corporation generates profits from its operations and retains those earnings to reinvest in its assets.
However, paying dividends does not directly finance assets. Dividends are distributions of profits to shareholders, providing them with a return on their investment. While dividends are typically funded from net income, they do not contribute directly to asset financing but rather reward shareholders for their ownership.
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An investment is be made with an initial capital of PHP 842693. It is expected that there will be an annual revenue for this investment of PHP 378213; while it also entitled to an annual operations nd maintenance cost of PHP 37315 and annual taxes of PHP 7289. Its salvage value at the end of its useful life (10 years) is PHP 13122. This investment has a MARR of 18% (same as interest rate). Determine the Annual Worth of the investment using Annual Worth Method. Given an interest rate of 4.3% compounded quarterly and the first payment of Php9697 was made at the end of the first quarter: Determine the present worth of the 12 quarterly payments wherein the succeeding quarterly payments increase by 7% of the first payment. (pls use complete decimal places within the solutions)
We can determine the annual worth of the investment. Annual Worth = PHP 378,213 - PHP 37,315 - PHP 7,289 + PHP 13,122 / (1 + 0.18)^10. Present Worth = PHP 9,697 × (1 - (1 + 0.043 / 4)^-12) / (0.043 / 4)
Annual Worth of the investment using Annual Worth Method:
To calculate the Annual Worth of the investment, we need to consider the annual revenue, annual operations and maintenance cost, annual taxes, salvage value, and the MARR (Minimum Acceptable Rate of Return) of 18%.
Annual Worth = Annual Revenue - Annual Operations and Maintenance Cost - Annual Taxes + Salvage Value (present worth)
Annual Revenue = PHP 378,213
Annual Operations and Maintenance Cost = PHP 37,315
Annual Taxes = PHP 7,289
Salvage Value (present worth) = PHP 13,122 / (1 + 0.18)^10 (to bring it to the present value)
Annual Worth = PHP 378,213 - PHP 37,315 - PHP 7,289 + PHP 13,122 / (1 + 0.18)^10
Present Worth of the 12 quarterly payments:
To calculate the present worth of the quarterly payments, we will use the formula for the present worth of an annuity:
Present Worth = Payment × (1 - (1 + interest rate / number of periods)^-number of periods) / (interest rate / number of periods)
First payment = PHP 9,697
Interest rate = 4.3% (converted to decimal: 0.043)
Number of periods = 12 (since there are 12 quarterly payments)
Present Worth = PHP 9,697 × (1 - (1 + 0.043 / 4)^-12) / (0.043 / 4)
Succeeding quarterly payments increasing by 7%:
To calculate the succeeding quarterly payments, we will increase each payment by 7% of the first payment.
First payment = PHP 9,697
Increase percentage = 7% (converted to decimal: 0.07)
Second payment = PHP 9,697 + PHP 9,697 × 0.07
Third payment = PHP 9,697 + PHP 9,697 × 0.07 × 2
Fourth payment = PHP 9,697 + PHP 9,697 × 0.07 × 3
And so on, until the twelfth payment.
By applying the Annual Worth Method, we can determine the annual worth of the investment. Additionally, by using the present worth formula, we can calculate the present worth of the 12 quarterly payments, considering the increasing pattern.
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1) Introduction of PowerCat by Adabi CANADA (subject:
international business)
2) Company's vision, mission & values (new
zealand) (subject: international business)
3) Target market and positioning
Introduction of PowerCat by Adabi CANADA (subject: international business):
Adabi Canada, a subsidiary of Adabi Holdings, has recently introduced a new product called PowerCat in the Canadian market. PowerCat is a line of energy drinks designed to provide consumers with a boost of energy and vitality. This introduction marks Adabi's entry into the competitive energy drink market, both in Canada and globally. Adabi Canada aims to leverage its expertise in food and beverage production to capture a significant market share and establish PowerCat as a preferred choice among consumers.
The launch of PowerCat aligns with Adabi's strategic objective of diversifying its product portfolio and expanding its presence in international markets. By tapping into the growing demand for energy drinks, Adabi Canada seeks to capitalize on the increasing consumer preference for convenient and functional beverages. The company has invested in extensive research and development to ensure that PowerCat meets the highest quality and safety standards, while offering a unique and refreshing taste experience.
To support the successful introduction of PowerCat, Adabi Canada has implemented a comprehensive marketing and distribution strategy. This includes targeted advertising campaigns, strategic partnerships with retailers, and engaging with consumers through various digital and social media platforms. Adabi Canada is confident that the launch of PowerCat will contribute to its overall growth and enhance its reputation as a trusted provider of innovative and high-quality food and beverage products.
Company's vision, mission & values (New Zealand) (subject: international business):
In New Zealand, the company XYZ has a clear vision, mission, and set of values that guide its business operations and strategic decisions.
Vision: XYZ's vision is to be a leading provider of innovative and sustainable solutions in its industry. The company aims to create a positive impact on society and the environment through its products and services.
Mission: XYZ's mission is to deliver exceptional value to its customers by consistently providing high-quality products that meet their needs and exceed their expectations. The company is committed to continuous improvement, technological innovation, and ethical business practices.
Values: XYZ's core values include integrity, customer focus, teamwork, innovation, and sustainability. These values shape the company's culture and guide its interactions with customers, employees, and other stakeholders. XYZ believes in conducting business with honesty, transparency, and a strong commitment to delivering superior customer experiences. Collaboration and teamwork are fostered to encourage creativity and foster a positive work environment. The company also emphasizes the importance of innovation in driving growth and maintaining a competitive edge. Furthermore, XYZ is dedicated to sustainability and strives to minimize its environmental footprint through responsible practices and the development of eco-friendly products.
Target market and positioning:
When determining its target market and positioning, a company carefully considers the characteristics and preferences of its ideal customers. This information helps the company tailor its marketing strategies and product offerings to effectively reach and meet the needs of its target audience.
For example, a company specializing in outdoor adventure gear might target active individuals who enjoy outdoor activities such as hiking, camping, and rock climbing. These individuals are likely to value durability, functionality, and performance in their gear, and the company would position its products as high-quality, reliable, and suitable for rugged outdoor environments.
The target market can be defined based on various factors such as demographics (age, gender, income), psychographics (lifestyle, interests, values), and behavior (buying habits, usage patterns). Market research and analysis play a crucial role in identifying the target market and understanding its preferences, allowing the company to develop targeted marketing campaigns and product offerings.
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The Wholesale company purchases equipment for $60,000 on April 1, 2017. It estimates that the equipment will have a salvage value of $10,000 and its useful life will be 5 years. Assuming the company's accounting year ends on December 31 of each year, what will be the Depreciation Expense for the years 2017 and 2018 be, using straight-line depreciation method? Year 2017: $ Year 2018: $ Calculation:
Year 2017: Depreciation Expense = $10,000,
Year 2018: Depreciation Expense = $10,000
How to calculate depreciation expense?To calculate the annual depreciation expense using the straight-line depreciation method, we need to determine the depreciable cost of the equipment and divide it by the useful life in years.
Depreciable cost = Cost of equipment - Salvage value
Depreciable cost = $60,000 - $10,000
Depreciable cost = $50,000
1. Year 2017:
Depreciation Expense for 2017 = Depreciable cost / Useful life
Depreciation Expense for 2017 = $50,000 / 5 years
Depreciation Expense for 2017 = $10,000
2. Year 2018:
Depreciation Expense for 2018 will be the same as the previous year since straight-line depreciation allocates equal amounts over the useful life.
Depreciation Expense for 2018 = $10,000
Calculation:
Year 2017: Depreciation Expense = $10,000
Year 2018: Depreciation Expense = $10,000
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what are David Einhorn's recommendations for Apple's
cash policy? And reasons why
? using case of " Apple, Einhorn and iPrefs"
David Einhorn, a prominent hedge fund manager and founder of Greenlight Capital, made recommendations for Apple's cash policy, specifically proposing the issuance of preferred shares called "iPrefs."
His recommendations were outlined in his open letter to Apple shareholders titled "Apple, Einhorn, and iPrefs" in February 2013.
Einhorn's main recommendation was for Apple to distribute perpetual preferred shares to its shareholders, which he referred to as iPrefs. These iPrefs would have a fixed dividend rate and would be designed to provide a steady income stream to shareholders. Einhorn believed that by implementing this plan, Apple could unlock shareholder value and address concerns about its large cash holdings.
The reasons behind Einhorn's recommendations were as follows:
Unlocking shareholder value: Einhorn believed that Apple's significant cash reserves were not being efficiently utilized and were not generating sufficient returns for shareholders. By distributing iPrefs, Apple would return capital to shareholders in the form of a steady income stream, potentially increasing the value of their investment.
Providing a stable income: iPrefs would offer shareholders a fixed dividend rate, providing a predictable and consistent income stream. This could attract income-focused investors and potentially lead to a higher valuation for Apple's shares.
Addressing concerns about cash hoarding: Apple had accumulated a substantial amount of cash on its balance sheet, leading to criticism from investors who felt that the cash was not being deployed effectively. Einhorn's proposal aimed to address these concerns by distributing a portion of the cash reserves to shareholders while allowing Apple to retain enough cash for its operational and strategic needs.
Enhancing shareholder activism: Einhorn's proposal also sought to increase shareholder activism and give shareholders more influence in the company's decision-making process. By distributing iPrefs, shareholders would have a stronger voice and potentially greater involvement in shaping Apple's cash management policy.
It's important to note that while Einhorn's recommendations garnered attention and sparked a broader debate on Apple's cash policy, they did not ultimately result in any significant changes to the company's approach. Apple has continued to manage its cash reserves through a combination of dividends, share buybacks, and strategic investments.
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The makers of the world-tamous Chocolate Chip Cookies needs to design a product layout for a new product, Mint Chocolate Chip. The company plans to use this new production line eight hours a day in order to meet projected demand of 1,440 cases per day. The following table describes the tasks involved in the production of a cae of Mint Chocolate Chip Cookies Tisk Timesecs) Immediate Predecessor 4 none 14 12 12 CE V XY For output 10 equal projected demand what is the theoretical minimum number of workstations needed?
The total task time is 4 + 14 + 12 + 12 + 10 = 52 seconds. Which is equivalent to 28,800 seconds, the cycle time is 28,800 / 1,440 = 20 seconds.To calculate theoretical minimum number of workstations: 52 / 20 = 2.6. So, the theoretical minimum number of workstations needed is 3.
"Equivalent" refers to something that is equal or identical in value, meaning, or function to something else. It indicates that two or more things are essentially the same or interchangeable. In various contexts, "equivalent" can be used to describe different concepts. For example, in mathematics, two expressions or equations are considered equivalent if they have the same value or meaning. In chemistry, equivalent can refer to the amount of a substance that can react or combine with a given amount of another substance. In language, an equivalent word or phrase is one that has a similar or identical meaning to another word or phrase.
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The carrier may lose the benefit of the financial limitation of his
liability in certain circumstances namely "wilful misconduct" or
"recklessness". Discuss.
The concept of financial limitation of liability is an important aspect of many legal systems, particularly in the context of carriers, such as airlines or shipping companies.
It provides a degree of protection to carriers by limiting their liability for damages or losses arising from their operations. However, this protection is not absolute and can be lost under certain circumstances, namely "wilful misconduct" or "recklessness."
Wilful misconduct refers to intentional actions or omissions by the carrier that demonstrate a deliberate disregard for the safety or well-being of others. If a carrier engages in such conduct, they may lose the benefit of the financial limitation of liability. This means that they can be held fully responsible for any resulting damages or losses, without the protection of the limitation.
Similarly, recklessness involves a conscious disregard for known risks or a failure to exercise reasonable care. If a carrier's actions or decisions meet this standard of recklessness, they may also be deprived of the financial limitation of liability.
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14. Caroline, Inc. had the following transactions during 2015:4
Exchanged land for a building+ $764,000€
Purchased treasury sharese
160.000€¢
Paid cash dividend=
380.000€€
Purchased equipmente
212,000€€
Issued ordinarv shares]
588,000€¢
To find out the cash flow from investing activities of Caroline, Inc., we will only consider the transactions related to investment activities.
Following are the relevant transactions that took place during 2015. Exchanged land for a building+ $764,000€ Purchased equipment 212,000€€. The exchange of land for a building will fall under investing activities and will be considered an investment in property, plant, and equipment. The purchase of equipment is also an investing activity. The payment of cash dividends is not an investing activity, and neither is the purchase of treasury shares. The issue of ordinary shares is classified as a financing activity. Now, to calculate the cash flow from investing activities, we will add the cash outflows and subtract the cash inflows. Hence the cash flow from investing activities of Caroline, Inc. is: Cash outflows: 764,000 + 212,000 = €976,000
The cash flow from investing activities of Caroline, Inc. during 2015 is €976,000. Since there were only two cash outflows, the answer is less than 100 characters.
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During 2019, Home Style's cost of goods sold percentage was 68.2%, and selling and store operating costs were 19.3% of sales. During 2018, Home Style's cost of goods sold percentage was 70.1% while selling and store operating costs were 19.0% of sales. What effect would the change in these percentages have on 2019's gross profit percentage and net profit margin percentage? Multiple Choice The decrease in the cost of goods sold percentage would decrease both the gross profit and net profit margin percentages, but the increase in the selling and store operating costs percentage would increase only the net profit margin percentage. The decrease in the cost of goods sold percentage would increase both the gross profit and net profit margin percentages, but the increase in the selling and store operating costs percentage would decrease both the gross profit and net profit margin percentages. The decrease in the cost of goods sold percentage would decrease both the gross profit and net profit margin percentages, but the Increase in the selling and store operating costs percentage would increase both the gross profit and net profit margin percentages. The decrease in the cost of goods sold percentage would increase both the gross profit and net profit margin percentages, but the increase in the selling and store operating costs percentage would decrease only the net profit margin percentage.
The change in percentages would result in a decrease in both the gross profit and net profit margin percentages.
The decrease in the cost of goods sold percentage would contribute to an increase in the gross profit percentage, while the increase in the selling and store operating costs percentage would have a negative impact on both the gross profit and net profit margin percentages.
The cost of goods sold percentage represents the proportion of sales revenue that is consumed by the cost of goods sold. A decrease in the cost of goods sold percentage implies that the company is able to generate higher gross profit for each dollar of sales. This would result in an increase in the gross profit percentage, as a higher proportion of the sales revenue would be retained as gross profit.
On the other hand, the selling and store operating costs percentage represents the proportion of sales revenue that is allocated to the costs associated with selling and operating the stores. An increase in this percentage indicates that a larger portion of the sales revenue is being consumed by these costs. This would have a negative impact on both the gross profit and net profit margin percentages, as it reduces the amount of profit that can be retained from each dollar of sales.
Therefore, the correct answer is: The decrease in the cost of goods sold percentage would decrease both the gross profit and net profit margin percentages, but the increase in the selling and store operating costs percentage would decrease both the gross profit and net profit margin percentages.
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If the loanable funds market is in equilibrium, then we know that savings equals consumption. investment equals consumption. investment equals savings. real interest rate equals nominal interest rate. O government spending equals tax revenue.
If the loanable funds market is in equilibrium, then we know that investment equals savings. Hence, the correct option among the provided alternatives is "investment equals savings."In economics, the loanable funds market is a hypothetical market that shows how the supply and demand for loans (also known as credit) interact to establish the interest rate and the amount of borrowing that takes place.
The supply of loanable funds comes from people's savings, and the demand for loanable funds comes from people and businesses who want to borrow money to invest in capital projects. In equilibrium, the supply of loanable funds equals the demand for loanable funds.When the loanable funds market is in equilibrium, it indicates that the economy's resources are being used effectively. An equilibrium interest rate is the market-clearing rate, which balances the supply and demand for loanable funds. Therefore, the equilibrium interest rate balances the supply and demand for loanable funds.
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I like in a town that is about 40 mins away from Cleveland Ohio. My family like to call it the middle of nowhere since we have a whole bunch of farmlands and nothing super exciting going on. We are just a small town that you would see in a Hallmark Movie. I would like to talk about Walmart in my town. I believe the company chose this area due to our location. Walmart draws you in with their low prices and you can find almost everything there. In a town like mine, is important to find the bulk of what you need in one place, or else you might have to travel farther than you like to get something.
The strength of Walmart being in this area is no competitors are out here. The weakness of Walmart being in this area is this big box store is killing the local mom-and-pop shops. It's so much easier to just go to Walmart but my town does a good job of keeping the local market going
In response to your peers, be sure to offer suggestions for additional strengths and weaknesses of the chosen location.
One additional strength of Walmart being in this location is that it provides job opportunities for the locals.
Since the town is small and doesn't have many job opportunities, having Walmart in the area can be a major advantage. Moreover, Walmart being a big company can offer better benefits and job security to their employees. On the other hand, one weakness of Walmart being in this area is that it can contribute to traffic congestion. Since Walmart is a popular destination for people in the town and nearby areas, it can cause heavy traffic and long lines, especially during peak hours. Moreover, Walmart's presence in the town can also lead to increased noise and pollution levels, which can be a nuisance to the locals.
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Both axes range from 0 to 3,500 in increments of 500. Two intersecting, rising lines, labeled, 45 degrees, and C are plotted. The line labeled 45 degrees starts at (0, 0), and ends at (3,500, 3,500). The line labeled C, starts at (0, 500), intersects the first line at (2,000, 2,000), and ends at (3,500, 3,000). All values are estimated.
In the figure above, saving is positive at all income levels
In the given figure, saving is positive at all income levels. The graph shows two intersecting, rising lines, labeled 45 degrees, and C plotted on both axes ranging from 0 to 3,500 in increments of 500. The line labeled 45 degrees starts at (0, 0), and ends at (3,500, 3,500).
The line labeled C, starts at (0, 500), intersects the first line at (2,000, 2,000), and ends at (3,500, 3,000). All values are when the two lines intersect at the point (2,000, 2,000), it shows that at this level of income, saving is zero. Saving is positive above the point of intersection, and it indicates that people are saving more than they are consuming at these income levels.
Income and saving are directly proportional, and as income increases, the saving also increases. Therefore, it is concluded that saving is positive at all income levels in the given graph. In the given figure, saving is positive at all income levels
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How Behavioral economics help HR to decide which employee to
take to work? (Experience of workers how they affect
employer’s decision)
Behavioral economics helps HR in the employee selection process by considering the impact of individuals' experiences on employers' decisions.
It recognizes that human decision-making is influenced by biases, heuristics, framing, social influence, and risk preferences. HR can leverage this understanding by:
Mitigating biases: Being aware of cognitive biases, such as the halo effect or confirmation bias, HR can implement strategies to minimize their influence during candidate evaluation.
Framing information: HR can present job postings, interviews, and performance evaluations in a way that highlights relevant skills and experiences to shape candidates' perceptions.
Considering risk preferences: Understanding that individuals have different risk preferences, HR can assess how candidates' risk attitudes may impact their decision-making in roles that involve risk-taking or handling uncertainty.
Assessing social fit: Recognizing the impact of social dynamics, HR can evaluate candidates' compatibility with the team and organization culture, considering factors like collaboration skills and cultural fit.
Using incentives and nudges: By employing incentives and nudges, HR can influence desired behaviors among employees, creating a work environment that encourages productivity and positive outcomes.
Incorporating behavioral economics principles into HR practices allows organizations to make more informed decisions in selecting employees. It aligns the experiences, qualities, and preferences of candidates with job requirements and the organizational context, leading to better employee fits and increased overall performance.
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Total direct material variance $200 favorable (F). Direct material price variance $900 untavorable (UF), Standard price 510 Standard quantities 750 Find actual price 1. Less than $10 2.Between $10 and $10.50 3. Between $11.00 and $11,50 4. More than $12.00
Total direct material variance $200 favorable (F).Direct material price variance $900 unfavorable (UF),Standard price $510.Standard quantities 750.Find the actual price.
Solution: Direct material variance = Direct material price variance + Direct material quantity variance$200F = $900UF + Direct material quantity variance Direct material quantity variance = $200F - $900UFDirect material quantity variance = $200 - $900* (Actual quantity of direct material - Standard quantity of direct material)Actual quantity of direct material - Standard quantity of direct material = (200 - 900)/32636146Actual quantity of direct material - Standard quantity of direct material = - 0.00230The actual quantity of direct material is less than the standard quantity of direct material because the variance is favorable and subtracted from the standard quantity of direct material. i.e.
Actual quantity of direct material = Standard quantity of direct material - 0.00230Standard price = Direct material price variance / Standard quantity of direct material $510 = $900UF / 750Actual price per unit of direct material = Standard price + Direct material price variance / Actual quantity of direct material= $510 - $900UF / 32636146= $510 - 900* (Actual quantity of direct material - Standard quantity of direct material)/32636146= $510 - 900 * (- 0.00230)= $12.07Hence, the actual price is more than $12.00. Answer: 4. More than $12.00.
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gasoline prices rose globally and in the united states in 2008. describe and illustrate the impact on the market for compact fuel-efficient cars, such as the toyota prius.
Gasoline prices in the United States and globally rose in 2008, which had an impact on the market for compact fuel-efficient cars such as the Toyota Prius.
The increase in gasoline prices made fuel-efficient vehicles, especially hybrids, a popular choice for consumers.
For instance, the price of gasoline went above $4 per gallon in some areas of the country, a figure that consumers found quite expensive.
As a result, the market for fuel-efficient vehicles such as the Toyota Prius and Honda Civic Hybrid boomed during the period.
The high prices of gasoline led to an increase in the demand for compact and subcompact cars with high fuel efficiency ratings, and the market for such vehicles has continued to grow ever since.
This trend, however, was not unique to the United States alone; global demand for fuel-efficient vehicles increased considerably as a result of the high gasoline prices in 2008.
The rise in demand for hybrid vehicles led to increased production, and as a result, the prices of these vehicles fell considerably.
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TRUE / FALSE. It only makes sense and is confirmed by the the NYS Penal Law that someone may use duress as a defense, even where the person that wants to use the defense, recklessly or negligently places him/herself in a situation in which it is probable that he/she will be subjected to duress.
TRUE It only makes sense and is confirmed by the NYS Penal Law that someone may use duress as a defense, even where the person that wants to use the defense, recklessly or negligently places him/herself in a situation in which it is probable that he/she will be subjected to duress.
The NYS Penal Law recognizes duress as a defense in certain circumstances. The defense can be used if the accused committed the crime as a result of being threatened with imminent physical harm or death. However, the defense may not be available if the accused recklessly or negligently placed themselves in a situation where they were likely to be subjected to duress.
The defense of duress is recognized by the NYS Penal Law and is available to defendants in certain circumstances. According to the law, a person may use duress as a defense if they committed the crime as a result of being threatened with imminent physical harm or death. In order to use this defense, the threat must be immediate and serious, and the accused must have had no other reasonable option but to commit the crime. However, there are some limitations to the duress defense. For example, the defense may not be available if the accused recklessly or negligently placed themselves in a situation where they were likely to be subjected to duress. In other words, if the accused voluntarily put themselves in a situation where they knew they were likely to be threatened or coerced into committing a crime, they may not be able to use duress as a defense.
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Write Short Notes on any FIVE (5) of the following: i. Product Balances ii. Property Incomes iii. Net Lending/ Net Borrowing Consumption of Fixed Capital iv. v. Private Final Consumption Expenditure vi. Implicit Price Deflator vii. Gross Capital Formation viii. Taxes on Production and Imports ix. Gross Disposable Income x. Social Benefits Other than Social Transfers in Kind
i. Product Balances:
Product balances refer to the differences between the total output of an economy's industries or sectors and the intermediate consumption used in the production process. It represents the value added at each stage of production and is essential for calculating the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) using the production approach.
ii. Property Incomes:
Property incomes are the earnings derived from ownership of property or assets. It includes income from sources such as rent, interest, dividends, and royalties. Property incomes are a component of national income and are important for measuring the income distribution within an economy.
iii. Net Lending/Net Borrowing:
Net lending/net borrowing is an indicator of the financial position of an economic sector or the entire economy. It represents the difference between an economic sector's savings (income minus consumption) and its investments (capital formation). A positive net lending indicates a surplus of savings over investments, while a negative net lending indicates a deficit.
iv. Consumption of Fixed Capital:
Consumption of fixed capital refers to the decline in the value of fixed assets over time due to wear and tear, obsolescence, and aging. It represents the amount of investment required to maintain the existing stock of fixed assets and is deducted from the gross domestic product (GDP) to obtain net domestic product (NDP).
v. Private Final Consumption Expenditure:
Private final consumption expenditure (PFCE) is the total expenditure by private households on the purchase of goods and services for their own consumption. It is a significant component of GDP and reflects the spending patterns and consumption behavior of households.
vi. Implicit Price Deflator:
The implicit price deflator is a measure of inflation or price changes in an economy. It compares the current prices of goods and services to a base year, providing a broad measure of overall price level changes in the economy. The implicit price deflator is used to deflate nominal values and calculate real economic growth.
vii. Gross Capital Formation:
Gross capital formation refers to the total value of new physical assets (such as buildings, machinery, infrastructure) created in an economy during a specific period. It includes investments in both fixed capital (such as construction) and changes in inventories. Gross capital formation is an important indicator of an economy's investment activity.
viii. Taxes on Production and Imports:
Taxes on production and imports are levies imposed on goods and services during the production process or at the point of importation. They include taxes such as value-added tax (VAT), excise taxes, customs duties, and other indirect taxes. These taxes form a part of the total tax revenue and can have significant impacts on prices and economic activities.
ix. Gross Disposable Income:
Gross disposable income is the total income received by households from all sources before deducting taxes and other mandatory contributions. It represents the income available to households for consumption or saving after accounting for transfers and taxes.
x. Social Benefits Other than Social Transfers in Kind:
Social benefits other than social transfers in kind refer to government-provided benefits to individuals or households to support their well-being and social security. These benefits include cash transfers such as pensions, unemployment benefits, disability benefits, and other forms of social assistance. They aim to alleviate poverty, provide social security, and ensure a minimum standard of living for individuals and households.
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(figure: long-run average cost) use figure: long-run average cost. this firm has _____ in the output region from 0 to a.
Long-run average cost. This firm has economies of sale in the output region from 0 to a.
The long-run average cost (LRAC) curve in the output region from 0 to a for a firm can be determined as per the following explanation:
In the long run, all input costs are variable, including capital expenditures on plant and equipment. Because capital investments entail a fixed cost, the long-run average cost (LRAC) curve reflects the entire cost curve, including both fixed and variable costs. In other words, in the long term, the company is not constrained by any factor and may alter all of its production inputs. The LRAC, therefore, reflects the lowest average cost of producing different levels of output over the long term, after all inputs are variable. It is a u-shaped curve, just like the short-run average total cost (SRATC) curve, but it is flatter at the bottom since it encompasses both fixed and variable expenses. As the output level increases from 0 to point a, the long-run average cost curve falls steeply initially and then flattens out at a certain point a. The LRAC curve initially slopes downward as the company expands output production by utilizing economies of scale. There is a point beyond which the LRAC curve becomes flatter because of economies of scale being exhausted or diseconomies of scale taking over, resulting in a flat region of output as output increases, signifying minimum average cost of production for that level of output.
Therefore, this firm has a decreasing long-run average cost in the output region from 0 to a.
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